1. The Chemistry of Life

2. 1.) Chemical Elements A.Chemical Elements 1. Elements –substances that can’t be further broken down into simpler substances by normal means. 2. Elements found in living things _ 4 elements- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen- are the most common in living things - C H O N

4. 3. Elements and Symbols NAME SYMBOL CarbonC HydrogenH OxygenO NitrogenN SulfurS PhosphorousP MagnesiumMg IronFe IodineI CalciumCa SodiumNa PotassiumK

5. 3. Organic vs Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon and hydrogen Organic compounds DO contain carbon and hydrogen

6. Organic vs Inorganic Compounds Which are organic: NaCl - Salt H 2 O - Water CH 4 - Methane NH 3 - Ammonia C 6 H 12 O 6 – Glucose (sugar)

10. 4. Importance of Water Cells are mostly water Other substances dissolve in it Most chemical reactions occur in water Water is a transport medium High specific heat Most dense at 4 degrees celsius Why is that such a big deal?

11. C.) Kinds of Organic Molecules 1.) Carbohydrates contain C, H, and O always has a ratio of H to O of 2:1 ex. glucose-C 6 H 12 O 6 maltose-C 12 H 22 O 11 most carbos end in –ose * are the main source of energy for respiration * also make up some parts of cells

12. Monosaccharide comes from two Greek words meaning “single” (mono) and “sweet” (saccharon). They are simple sugars (C 3 -C 9 ) for energy storage and utilization. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is the primary energy-storage molecule in the living things. Fructose has the same molecular formula as glucose, but is much sweeter than glucose. A.) Monosaccharides Simple Sugars

13. Disaccharide is a molecule with two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction. Disaccharides are used by many organisms (e.g., plants) as transport forms of sugar. Sucrose is a common transport form of sugar in plant. Lactose (milk sugar) is produced by many mammals to feed their young. B.) Disaccharides

15. C.) Polysaccharides  Organisms convert simple carbohydrates, monosaccharides, to large, complex polysaccharides.  Polysaccharides: macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides linked together  Polysaccharides play roles as energy storage form as well as structural components in both many organisms.  Starch is the energy storage form in plants; while animals use a highly branched polysaccharide, glycogen.

16. Polysaccharides Functions of polysaccharides: storage, structure, recognition –Storage of energy: starch, glycogen –Structural materials: cellulose, chitin, polysaccharides of bacterial cell wall Cellulose: Structural support for plant cells Glycogen: Animal energy, branched Starch: Plant energy, branched or unbranched Chitin: Exoskeleton of arthropods such as butterfly and crab

17. Lipids are usually used by many organisms as a long term energy storage form. Lipid can store more energy than polysaccharides per unit weight. Fats are large, nonpolar, water-insoluble molecules used as energy reserves and protection Three important categories of lipid: 1) Oils, fats, and waxes 2) Phospholipids 3) Steroids Lipid functions Major sources of energy Structural materials Used in cell membranes Fats and Lipids

18. Lipid Formation 3 fatty acids + glycerol-------  1 lipid + H 2 O

19. Fatty acids of most plant triglycerides are unsaturated. Animal fat, in contrast, are often saturated and occur as hard fats. Diets with large amount of saturated fats may contribute to clogged arteries and raise the risk of developing cardio- vascular diseases. Saturated or Unsaturated Fatty Acids Trans and Cis Fatty Acids

20. 3.) Proteins- Diversity in Structure and Function a.) Functions of Proteins: -Structural organization of cells and tissues -Metabolic process -Regulation -Defense -Communication -Transport and storage of small molecules -Enzymes: catalyze biosynthesis and metabolism -Immunology: Antibody

21. b.) Composition of Proteins proteins are composed of amino acids

22. C.) Protein formation Dehydration Synthesis

24. Protein Synthesis

25. 4.) Nucleotides A.) Composition of a nucleotide Nucleotide structure, 3 parts: –Sugar –Phosphate group(PO 4) –Nitrogen-containing base Nitrogen base Sugar PO 4

27. B.) Nucleotide Functions: Reproduction, Metabolism, and Survival DNA and RNAs are nucleic acids, each composed of four kinds of nucleotide subunits ATP energizes many kinds of molecules by phosphate-group transfers Other nucleotides function as coenzymes or as chemical messengers

28. C.) DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA (double-stranded) –Encodes information about the primary structure of all cell proteins in its nucleotide sequence RNA molecules (usually single stranded) –Different kinds interact with DNA and one another during protein synthesis

29. Summary of Organic Compounds