1. 1790-1860 15. The Ferment of Reform and Culture

2. Deism Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason  Churches are “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.” Deism – belief in reason & science  Ben Franklin  Thomas Jefferson

3. Unitarianism Unitarianism – God is one being, not a trinity  Free will and salvation through good works  Goodness of human nature  God is loving  Began in New England

4. 2 nd Great Awakening 2 nd Great Awakening – result of the alternate views of religion  Led to reforms in many facets of society  “camp meetings”

5. “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolitionism The Second Great Awakening

6. Peter Cartwright Best known of the Methodist “circuit riders”  Urged people to repent  Knocked out people who tried to break up his meetings

7. Charles Grandison Finney Greatest revivalist preacher  Trained as a lawyer  Held massive revivals in Rochester and NYC  Innovator of the “anxious bench”  Denounced alcohol and slavery

8. “Burned-Over District” “Burned-Over District” – Western NY, where many descendents of New England Puritans settled  “hellfire and brimstone” sermons popular

9. Millerites Millerites, or Adventists, rose out of the “burned-over district”  Hundreds of thousands of converts  Predicted Christ would return on Oct. 22, 1844 William Miller

10. Social Class & Faith Wealthier, better educated from the East:  Propertied Episcopalians  Presbyterians  Congregationalists  Unitarians Less educated of the South and West:  Methodists  Presbyterians Many of the churches split over the slavery issue

11. Joseph Smith Joseph Smith – found golden tablets in NY with the teachings of the Book of Mormon written on them  Formed Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

12. Mormons Mormons experienced discrimination due to their  Polygamy  Drilling militia  Voting as a group Population grew quickly Joseph Smith assasinated

13. Brigham Young After Smith’s death, Brigham Young led the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah

14. Free Education Free education had previously been opposed as a hand out  Support increased  Wanted educated voters 1828 Free public Education  Teachers were poorly trained

15. Horace Mann Horace Mann – “Father of Public Education”  Fought for better schools  Longer terms  Higher pay for teachers  Expanded curriculum

16. Noah Webster Known for his dictionary of American English Blue Back Spellers  Promoted patriotism

17. McGuffey’s Readers William H. McGuffey produced grade school readers in the 1830s  Taught religious values, morals, and respect for order  Taught Protestant work ethic

18. Secondary Education Small universities were built in the South & West 1 st state school was the University of North Carolina in 1795  Jefferson started the University of Virginia  Free from religion or politics Women were not educated Emma Willard  Troy Female Seminary (1821)  Mount Holyoke Seminary (1837) Oberlin opened doors to women

19. An Age of Reform Reformers opposed a variety of issues  Tobacco  Alcohol  Debtors prisons  Wanted criminal codes relaxed & reformatories created

20. Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix – teacher and author Reform of the mentally insane Petitioned Mass. Legislature in 1843

21. William Ladd 1828 American Peace Society formed Fought for peace internationally Civil War put an end to it all

22. Temperance Movement Drunkenness was common and widespread  Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There American Temperance Society formed in Boston (1826)  Stressed temperance  Tried to enact prohibition laws  Maine Law of 1851

23. Women’s Movement Women had no voting rights  Were perceived as weak emotionally & physically  Seen as pure, nurturing and loving Women’s movement came about as a way to abolish slavery

24. Leaders of the Women’s Movement Lucretia MottSusan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady Stanton Margaret FullerAmelia BloomerGrimke Sisters

25. Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention (1848)  Declaration of Sentiments – “all Men and Women are created equal”  Demanded voting rights for women

26. New Harmony, IN (1825) Communal society founded by Robert Owen  Former textile manufacturer  About 1,000 people  Failed miserably

27. Brook Farm ( 1841) Began in Mass., by 20 transcendentalists  Founded by George Ripley  On 200 acres  “plain living and high thinking”  Lasted until 1846 (fire)

28. Oneida Community (1848) Founded in NY Lasted 30 years Practiced free love (“complex marriage”), birth control, eugenic selection of parents

29. Shakers Led by Mother Ann Lee Began in 1770s God could be found within Emphasized simplicity & ingenuity Movement died out  Customs prevented marriage & sex

30. Early American Scientists Interested in practical gadgets than pure science  Mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch – navigation  Oceanographer Matthew Maury – winds & currents

31. Influential U.S. Scientists Benjamin Silliman – chemistry, geologist (Yale) Louis Agassiz – original research (Harvard) Asa Gray – botany (Harvard) John Audubon – painted birds in exquisite detail

32. Medicine Medicine was primitive  Bleeding still use  Patent medicines  Barbers or butcher as surgeon Smallpox & yellow fever Life expectancy ~40 yrs

33. Artistic Achievements U.S. imitated European art Greek & Gothic art forms popular Thomas Jefferson – as architect MonticelloUniversity of Virginia

34. Artistic Achievements Gilbert StuartCharles Willson Peale John Trumbull

35. National Literature Practical work: Federalist Papers, Common Sense, Franklin’s Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac The Knickerbocker group  Washington Irving  James Fenimore Cooper  William Cullen Bryant  Thanatopsis

36. Transcendentalism Literature movement, ~ 1830  Believed knowledge came from reason & inner light  Individualism, self-reliance & non-conformity Ralph Waldo Emerson  Popular essayist, philosopher  “Self Reliance” Henry David Thoreau  Condemned slavery  Walden: Or Life in the Woods  On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Walt Whitman – “Leaves of Grass”

37. Glowing Literary Lights Henry Wadsworth Longfellow  “The Courtship of Miles Standish”  “The Ride of Paul Revere”  “The Song of Hiawatha”  “Evangeline” Louisa May Alcott  Little Women Emily Dickinson  Nature poems

38. Literary Individualists & Dissenters Edgar Allen Poe  “The Raven” & many morbid horror stories  Pit & the Pendulum  Tell-tale Heart  Inventor of detective novel Nathaniel Hawthorne  The Scarlet Letter  Dealt with adultery Herman Melville  Moby Dick  Good vs. Evil

39. Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft - “Father of American History”  Secretary of Navy, founded Naval Academy  History of U.S. to 1789 William H. Prescott  Conquests of Mexico & Peru Francis Parkman  Struggle between France & England for N. America Historians were from North East  Anti-South bias