1. The New Wave of Immigrants Irish – 2 Million 1845 – fungus killed most of the potato crops. Germans- 1.5 Million

2. Nativism Hostility toward foreigners. The American Party. The Know Nothings.

3. The 2 nd Great Awakening Charles Grandison Finney – started revivals. Politics don’t change people – faith changes people.

4. The Mormons Joseph Smith: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. 1830 – published the book of Mormon. Nauvoo, IL, residents murder Smith. Brigham Young moved the Mormons to Utah

5. Utopians An ideal society. The Shakers – shaking dance. Did not believe in marrying or having children

6. Cultural Renaissance Romanticism Feelings over reason. Transcendentalism Thinking outside the box.

7. American Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson – Nature Henry David Thoreau – let people step to the beat of their own drummer. Washington Irving – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

8. The Penny Press A newspaper press….cost about 6 cents per paper. Distributed news and ideas around the nation. Similar to the printing press in Europe during the Reformation!