1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chapter 13: Moving West and the War with Mexico

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People Expansion: Extending the nation beyond its existing borders dictatorship – one-person rule annex – add on forty-niner – a nickname given to people who went to California in search of gold

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) John Tyler – 10 th president James K. Polk – 11 th president; U.S. president who negotiated the boundaries of Oregon Country; later, he provoked the Mexican-American War

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Since colonial times, settlers had been moving westward and encountering Native Americans and Mexicans. The mixing of these cultures affected the development of the West and the entire United States. Essential Question: How and why did people go west? What challenges did they face?

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans moving west caused the population of the Natives to drop drastically. - From the beginning, Americans have been interested in westward expansion. By the 1840s, many people supported Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some people went west for the fur trade, others to become missionaries, and still others for the free and fertile land. They all faced dangers including assault, diseases, accidents, and natural disasters.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. -The first Americans to move into the Far West (California, New Mexico, Oregon) were traders looking for new markets to sell their goods. -When Mexico became independent, they began to trade with the United States. -1821 - William Becknell led a wagon train filled with merchandise from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico -800 miles -Barely survived the desert -Had to find a way to pass the Rocky Mountains which were almost impossible to cross. -This eventually became known as a busy international trading route. Chapter 13-2

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Oregon Trail -The first easterners to build permanent homes in Oregon were missionaries wanting to bring their religious beliefs to the Indians. -Marcus & Narcissa Whitman -Set up a mission in Oregon to serve the Cayuse Indians – treated them differently and made little effort to get to know their ways so they had a difficult time converting them. -As more settlers arrived, the Cayuses became very hostile -Measles killed off many of the Indians so they killed the Whitmans -Despite these drawbacks, many easterners moved west. -Some farmers came for the free and fertile land

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many settlers followed the Oregon Trail, a route that stretched more than 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon. Travelers left in Spring and had to reach Oregon in 5 months. If they did not make it, they risked a slow death. Disease and accidents killed about 1 out of every 10 people on the Oregon Trail. - More than 50,000 people reached Oregon between 1840 and 1860.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life in the West -Pioneer life had a lot of hardships -Not a lot of possessions -Work with hand tools – no machines -Diseases, accidents, and natural disasters like storms, tornadoes, and floods -See textbook pg 451 -Pioneer life had a lot of hardships -Some gave up and went back to the east -Some made it as far as running for president or becoming a congressman. -Women in the West -Worked alongside men on farms -Women in the Wyoming Territory were given the right to vote in 1869 while women in the East were still fighting for political rights.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life in the West continued -Native Americans -Natives in Northern Oregon were uneasy and unhappy with white settlers -Natives in Southern Oregon lived in peace with the white settlers. -Settlers -Discovery of gold in the 1850s brought whites from the East and Chinese from the West which brought wars between the Natives and the settlers -Eventually Natives were forced to sign peace treaties.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Another reason why settlers moved west was in search of gold. In January 1848, there was a discovery of gold near Sacramento, and the news spread quickly throughout the United States and abroad. In 1849, the California Gold Rush started and about 80,000 forty-niners went west in search of gold. Chapter 13-4 During the gold rush, miners swarmed onto Native American lands to search for gold. Nearly two thirds of the Native American population of California—about 100,000 people—died during the gold rush.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some women did go to California, where they found profitable work: Some women mined. Most forty-niners were young men, and by 1850, the ratio of men to women in California was 12 to 1. Most worked in or ran boardinghouses, hotels, restaurants, laundries, and stores.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most mining towns sprang up overnight and emptied just as quickly when miners heard news of a gold strike in another place. Miners needed supplies and entertainment, so most mining towns were made up of a row of businesses and a saloon.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The gold rush also brought enormous ethnic diversity to California. People came from Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America. By 1860, the population of California was almost 40 percent foreign-born.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. California’s Diverse Population Chinese Immigrants After news of the “mountain of gold” reached China, about 45,000 Chinese men went to California. Because of prejudice, they usually did not get high-paying jobs in the mines, only menial jobs. The Chinese worked hard building railroads, doing farm labor, cooking, and doing laundry. Free African Americans Several thousand free African Americans lived in California by 1850. They had their own businesses and churches, but they could not vote or serve on juries. Slavery did not take root in California because miners believed if you wanted to profit from gold you had to do the labor.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chapter 13-3 Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican- American War?

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. -1820 -Spanish governor of Texas gives Moses Austin a piece of land to establish a small colony in Texas (he dies so Stephen Austin, his son takes over) -Stephen Austin -Leads 300 Americans into the colony -Promised that all colonists would become Mexican citizens and convert to the Catholic Religion Growing Conflict in Texas Religion and Slavery thousands of Americans who settled in Texas were Protestant, not Catholic. The Americans that settled in Texas owned slaves and wanted to grow cotton in Texas, but Mexico had abolished slavery. A Ban on Americans 1830 – Mexico banned more Americans from coming to Texas Tried to force settlers to worship the Catholic religion Mexico also began to raise heavy taxes on American imports.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1833, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became president of Mexico, and he soon started a dictatorship. These events crushede the hopes of: American settlers who wanted more representation in the Mexican legislature Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent) who wanted a more democratic government In 1836, Texans declared independence from Mexico and created the Republic of Texas.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Santa Anna’s troops laid siege to the Alamo, a San Antonio mission where 185 Anglo- Americans and Tejanos were gathered.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The defenders of the Alamo held out for 12 days, but they were all eventually killed. Even though the Texans were defeated, this event inspired Americans to join the Mexican army. Later, the Texans defeated Santa Anna’s army at San Jacinto.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A few months later, Sam Houston and the Texas forces attacked San Jacinto and captured Santa Anna. They forced him to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Sam Houston, president of the new Republic of Texas, hoped the United States would annex Texas. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren would not support annexation, fearing that the addition of a slave state would split the country. Almost 10 years after Texas became independent, it still had not become an American state.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Presidential Election of 1844 and the Annexation of Texas and Oregon Election of 1844 Whig party nominee Henry Clay tried to avoid the issue of Texas annexation. When campaigning for President, the Democratic party nominee James K. Polk called for the annexation of both Texas and Oregon, and he won the election as 11 th president of the United States Annexation of Texas and Oregon Shortly before Polk took office, President John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas. Congress voted in favor of the annexation in 1845, and Texas quickly agreed. Polk negotiated with Britain to divide Oregon, and the land the U.S. received eventually became Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The annexation of Texas increased tensions with Mexico, because it had never formally recognized Texan independence. The United States and Mexico also disagreed on the location of the southern boundary of Texas. Polk offered Mexico money to settle the dispute and to purchase California and New Mexico. Not wanting to cede more land to the United States, Mexico refused Polk’s offer.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Polk then tried to provoke Mexico into war by sending troops into the disputed land. Mexican troops attacked Americans. Congress declared war on Mexico, saying Mexico had forced its hand.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most Americans, especially southerners and westerners, supported the Mexican-American War because they wanted more land. Many northerners were against the war and thought Polk was trying to extend slavery.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Troops attacked Mexico on two fronts. John C. Frémont and Stephen Kearney moved west from Fort Leavenworth to take control of California. They captured Santa Fe, New Mexico and then California.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Before they even reached California, settlers near San Francisco began their own armed revolt. The settlers declared California an independent republic. After several defeats, Santa Anna left Mexico City. The Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo formally ended the war in which Mexico recognized annexation of Texas and ceded a vast territory known as the Mexican cession.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In return, the United States paid $18 million to Mexico. Mexico recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas and ceded a vast territory that included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Mexican Cession

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States paid Mexico $10 million for a narrow strip of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. The United States had achieved Manifest Destiny.

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the United States gained the lands known as the Mexican Cession, large numbers of Americans settled in this vast region. The influx of settlers led to an ethnically diverse population, fights over water rights, and a tragic decline in the Native American population.

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Even before the end of the Mexican-American War, the Mormons started moving into the Utah Territory. The Mormons were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Joseph Smith, who founded the church in 1830, said that he had received the Book of Mormon through heavenly visions.

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Mormons had customs, including polygamy, that differed from those of most Americans. This put them in conflict with their neighbors. Hostile communities forced the Mormons to move from New York to Ohio and then to Missouri. By 1844, the Mormons moved to Illinois, where Smith was murdered by an angry mob.

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1847, Brigham Young, the new Mormon leader, led some of them on a long, hazardous journey to valley of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. In 1848, as a result of the Mexican Cession, Utah became part of the United States, and Congress created the Utah Territory.

36. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1848, Mexico also ceded California to the United States. At this time, about 10,000 Californios, or Mexican Californians, lived in the territory. After the Mexican Cession, easterners began to migrate to California, and the two groups shunned each other. In 1850, when California became a U.S. state, Mexicans accounted for only 15 percent of the population. Many sold their land.