1. Chapter 9 Section 1 and 2 Notes

2. U.S. Markets Expand Market Revolution- Americans began to shift from making items for themselves to buying and selling goods. The U.S. economic growth depended on Capitalism-the economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production. Capitalism depends on Entrepreneurs- people who invest money and who organizes, operates and assumes the risk of starting a business venture Manufactured items grew less expensive as technology advanced. This allowed many workers to become consumers.

3. The Economic Revolution Many new inventions of the era contributed to the economic revolution and transformed manufacturing, transportation and communication. Samuel F.B. Morse- invented the telegraph Robert Fulton- built the first successful steam boat Many canals, including the Erie Canal, were built during the era. The steam boat and the new canals lowered the cost of shipping and opened up new markets. The introduction of railroads made shipping faster and allowed goods to be shipped over land.

4. New Markets Link Regions Trade between regions of the United States increased and made the regions interdependent. The South- remained agricultural and relied on crops such as cotton, tobacco, and rice. These crops were sold to other markets for profit. The Northeast- became the major manufacturing region of the United States and also a major shipping region. The Midwest- farmers began to grow cash crops such as wheat and corn. New inventions such as John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper made farming the region easier.

5. The Frontier Draws Settlers Manifest Destiny- the belief that the United States’ destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Many believed that the United States was destined to spread democracy and civilization across the continent. Most settlers that moved westward were attracted by the abundance of cheap land. As farmers and miners moved west, merchants followed, seeking new markets.

6. Settlers and Native Americans As the number of U.S. settlers moving west increased it led to strife with the Native Americans. The Black Hawk War- Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe led a rebellion against the United States in the Illinois and Wisconsin territory. The rebellion ended after the Illinois militia slaughtered more than 200 Sauk and Fox people. The Sauk and Fox tribes were forcibly removed to areas west of the Mississippi. Fort Laramie Treaty-treaty between the U.S. government and various Native American tribes. The treaty gave control of the Central Plains to Native Americans nations. The Native Americans promised not to attack settlers and to allow the construction of government roads and forts. The U.S. government agreed to honor the boundaries and make annual payments to the Native Americans. As more and more settlers moved into the region the U.S. repeatedly violated the terms of the treaty.

7. Trails West The Santa Fe Trail- from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, new Mexico. Was used by traders who traveled to Santa Fe to trade for silver, gold and furs. The Oregon Trail- from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon. Opened up by Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, Methodist missionaries. The trail was used by settlers that began farming the Willamette valley.

8. The Mormons The Mormons, or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, was founded by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830. As the religious community grew they moved west to Illinois. Joseph Smith was jailed and then murdered by a anti-Mormon mob. Smith’s successor, Brigham Young, decided to move the Mormons beyond the boundaries of the U.S. The Mormons traveled westward settling near the Great Salt Lake and founded Salt Lake City.

9. Resolving Territorial Disputes Both the United States and Britain claimed the Oregon Territory and jointly occupied the region. Eventually the U.S. and Britain agreed to extend the mainland boundary between Canada and the U.S. along the forty-ninth parallel westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Puget Sound, establishing the current U.S. boundary.