1. UNITED NATIONS

2. LEAGUE OF NATIONS (came into force : 10 January 1920) The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the 1 st World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Between 1920 and 1946, a total of 63 countries became member states of the League of Nations. Resolving territorial disputes about Turkey : Hatay With League oversight; the sanjak of Alexandretta the in the French Mandate in Syria was given autonomy in 1937. Renamed Hatay, its parliament declared independence as the Republic of Hatay in September 1938, after elections the previous month. It was annexed by Turkey with French consent in mid-1939. The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the 1 st World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Between 1920 and 1946, a total of 63 countries became member states of the League of Nations. Resolving territorial disputes about Turkey : Hatay With League oversight; the sanjak of Alexandretta the in the French Mandate in Syria was given autonomy in 1937. Renamed Hatay, its parliament declared independence as the Republic of Hatay in September 1938, after elections the previous month. It was annexed by Turkey with French consent in mid-1939.

3. Resolving territorial disputes about Turkey : Mosul A League of Nations Commission of Inquiry, with Belgian, Hungarian and Swedish members, was sent to the region in 1924; it found that the people of Mosul did not want to be part of either Turkey or Iraq, but if they had to choose, they would pick Iraq. The League Council adopted the recommendation and decided on 16 December 1925 to award Mosul to Iraq DISSOLVING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (18 April 1946 ) After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis Powers in the 1930s.Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain and others.The onset of World War 2 showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 27 years and it was dissolved on 18 April 1946 Resolving territorial disputes about Turkey : Mosul A League of Nations Commission of Inquiry, with Belgian, Hungarian and Swedish members, was sent to the region in 1924; it found that the people of Mosul did not want to be part of either Turkey or Iraq, but if they had to choose, they would pick Iraq. The League Council adopted the recommendation and decided on 16 December 1925 to award Mosul to Iraq DISSOLVING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (18 April 1946 ) After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis Powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain and others. The onset of World War 2 showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 27 years and it was dissolved on 18 April 1946

4. UNITED NATIONS The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the Decleration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

5. UNITED NATIONS In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. (original 51 members including Turkey) The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945

6. UNITED NATIONS The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations. The UN has 4 main purposes : To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nations; To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms; To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

7. UNITED NATIONS STRUCTURE

8. The Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations : *General Assembly *Security Council *Economic and Social Council *Trusteeship Council *The International Court of Justice *Secretariat

9. General Assembly The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations. Comprising all 193 members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. The Assembly meets in regular session intensively from September to December each year, and thereafter as required.

10. Functions and Powers of General Assembly *Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmaments *Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it; *Discuss, with the same exception and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;

11. Functions and Powers of General Assembly *Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields; *Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations;

12. Functions and Powers of General Assembly *Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs; *Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States; *Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary- General.

13. Official Languages of United Nations The official languages of the United Nations are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written. In alphabetical order they are: Arabic Chinese (Mandarin) English French Russian Spanish

14. Security Council There are 15 members of the Security Council. This includes five veto-wielding permanent members China, France, Russia, The United Kingdom and the USA based on the great powers that were the victors of World War2 There are also 10 non-permanent members, with five elected each year to serve two year terms. The current non-permanent members are Colombia, India, Germany, Portugal, South Africa, Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan and Togo.

15. Security Council Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time. This requirement addresses a weakness of the League of Nations; that organization was often unable to respond quickly to a crisis. Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A veto by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required number of affirmative votes (9).

16. Security Council The Non-permanent members are chosen by regional groups and confirmed by the United Nations General Assembly. The African bloc is represented by three members; the Latin America and the Caribbean, Asian, and Western European and others blocs by two members each; and the Eastern European bloc by one member. Also, one of the members is an “Arab country," alternately from the Asian or African bloc.

17. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies, their functional commissions and five regional commissions. ECOSOC has 54 members; it holds a four-week session each year in July. (Elections made for 3 years) The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues, and for formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations system.

18. Specialized Agencies of ECOSOC 14 UN specialized agencies are ; ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, UNIDO,IFAD, UNWTO, ICAO, IMO, ITU, UPU, WMO, WIPO, IAEA ILO established with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland (1919, 1946) To improve labour conditions and to encourage productive employment. IMO established with the headquarters in London, United Kingdom (1948) To facilitate cooperation on maritime activities.

19. Specialized Agencies of ECOSOC FAO : Food and Agriculture Org. To deal with the problem of food and agriculture established in 1945, Rome, ITALY UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation : To promote and to spread knowledge and education and mutual understanding of people, established in 1946 Paris, France WHO World Health Organization : To promote highest possible levels of health of all peoples, established in 1948 Geneva, Switzerland

20. Specialized Agencies of ECOSOC UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Development Organization To promote industrial development established in 1967 Vienna, Austria IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development : To extend financial assistance to least developed countries for increasing food production established in 1977, Rome, Italy UNWTO World Tourism Organization To promote the development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism established in 1974, Madrid, Spain

21. Specialized Agencies of ECOSOC ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organization To promote cooperation in air navigation and transport established in 1947, Montreal, Canada ITU International Telecommunication Union : To promote cooperation in use of tele- communications, established in 1947 (1865), Geneva, Switzerland UPU Universal Postal Union To improve world postal services, established in 1947 (1874), Bern, Switzerland

22. Specialized Agencies of ECOSOC WMO World Meteorological Organization To improve world meteorological activities, established in 1950 (1873), Geneva, Switzerland WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization To promote the protection of intellectual property, established in 1974, Geneva, Switzerland IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency To promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, established in 1957, Vienna, Austria

23. Trusteeship Council This council designed to supervise the government of trust territories and to lead them to self-government or independence. The council originally consisted of states administering trust territories, permanent members of the Security Council that did not administer trust territories, and other members elected by the General Assembly. With the independence of Palau in 1994, the council suspended operations. Originally, the council met once each year. Each member had one vote, and decisions were taken by a simple majority of those present. Since 1994 the council is no longer required to meet annually

24. The International Court of Justice The primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, the Netherlands. Its 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, voting independently and concurrently. The Court decides disputes between countries, based on the voluntary participation of the States concerned. If a State agrees to participate in a proceeding, it is obligated to comply with the Court's decision. The Court also gives advisory opinions to the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

25. Secretariat The Secretariat is composed of a Secretary General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. It is clear that the Secretariat, and the Secretary- General, are vital parts to the UN. It is in charge of notifications and the arrangement of the meetings of the secretary-general. The Secretariat is also in charge of publishing all of the treaties and international agreements that the UN makes. Ban Ki-Moon is the current UN Secretary-General

26. Secretariat Secretaries-General serve for five- year terms that can be renewed indefinitely. The Secretary-General has the power to alert the General Assembly and the Security Council of any event he or she sees as a security issue for the international system. The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization: decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin

28. UNITED NATIONS