1. Cold War Review Notes

2. Containment Policy Established by diplomat George F. Kennan to stop Soviet expansionism and adopted by Truman. Pledged to “support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.” – Contain Communism where it was by creating alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances

3. Positive and Negative Results Positive – Marshall Plan – Berlin Airlift – Formation of NATO – Reconstruction of Japan, Indonesia, and the Phillipines Negative – Polarized the world between USSR and US – Arms Race – Loss of China to Communism – Korean War

4. Preventing Communism at Home Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program (Executive Order 9835) – Established the Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program – Barred communist and communist sympathizers from federal employment Internal Security Act (McCarran Act) – 1950 Congress overrode Truman’s veto and passed the Internal Security Act (McCarran) McCarthyism – Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. – Went out of control and came apart in the Army-McCarthy Hearings

5. Social Impacts of the Cold War Consumer spending Baby boom “White Collar” workers began to outnumber “Blue Collar” Suburban Growth Cult of domesticity Surge in female employment Rock and Roll

6. Eisenhower Calms the American Public Grandfatherly figure Appeared in short television spots that vastly oversimplified complicated economic and social issues. Vowed to personally go to Korea and end the war. Appeared to be “unpolitical” as president – Above the petty partisan fray

7. “New Look” “new look” promised to reduce the military budget by exploiting atomic and air superiority – emphasis on massive retaliation would make possible cuts in military budget – “more bang for the buck” – spending fell from 66-49% of federal budget during 2 terms – nukes and long range delivery systems less expensive than conventional forces “New Look” failed when the U.S. was unable to use the nuclear threat against minor crises like the Hungarian uprising.

8. 50s Teenagers vs. Parents Gen Parents Generation – Take life seriously – Males join service or get a job – College for a select few – Women meet, marry man, and have children – Limited freedom and economic power – Acted responsibly without demanding freedom 50s Generation – Finished school – Less joined military – Many went to college – Parents more indulgent – More freedom – Decisions sometimes at odds with their parents – Rock and Roll

9. Success and Failure of Kennedy Success – Space Race puts man on the moon – Tests ability of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Cuban Missile Crisis – Forced Krushchev to pull nukes out of Cuba Vietnam – Contributed to a long process of political disintegration. Bay of Pigs Invasion – Scheme to topple Castro failed and strengthened Castro’s relationship with Krushchev

10. Civil Rights Goals from 1950’s to 1960’s 1950’s focused on desegregation through legal action, and civil disobedience – Brown v. Board – Montgomery Bus Boycott – SCLC – Civil Rights Act of 1957 1960’s focused on integration and end discrimination and became more violent. – Sit ins – Freedom Riders – March on Washington – Presidential Support (JFK and LBJ) – Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Race Riots – Black Panthers – Black Power Movement

11. Factors that encouraged movement to suburbs Home loan guarantees from the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans Administration Development of fuel-efficient automobiles “white flight” from racial change

12. Origins of the Cold War Caused by the fundamental disagreement between the US and Soviet Union Disagreements over postwar arrangements in Eastern Europe

13. Marshall Plan Called for substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe.

14. NSC-68 Created a massive increase in military spending.

15. Eisenhower’s Interstate Highway System Much larger than any New Deal Program More expensive than any New Deal Program

16. Hungary In 1965 when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the US under Dwight Eisenhower did nothing to help defeat the communists. This was too minor of a crisis to use the threat of nukes.

17. Forms of Social Conformity Common forms of social conformity in the 1950s included: – Attending church regularly – Living in the suburbs – Working in a middle class job in the defense industry A common form on non-conformity included: – Listening to Rock n’ Roll music

18. Kennedy Assassination There was much controversy and conspiracy theories surrounding Kennedy’s death such as: – Was it a government hit? – Was it the Soviets? – How many shooters? The Warren Commission concluded that Kennedy was shot by a lone assassin.