1. Basic Maneuvers Driver Education Unit 1

2. Risk Risk is the Chance of Injury, Damage, or Loss Risk is the Chance of Injury, Damage, or Loss Injury, Damage, or Loss Usually Are the Consequences of a Crash Injury, Damage, or Loss Usually Are the Consequences of a Crash Every driver accepts a certain level of risk when driving a vehicle. A driver must manage risk in order to avoid conflict. A driver must manage risk in order to avoid conflict.

3. Risk Assessment Recognizing increased risk situations Risk Assessment Involves: Recognizing increased risk situations - Speeding - Following Too Closely - Failure to Yield - Improper Turns - DUI - Lack of Safety belt use Understanding the consequences of increased risk situations Considering your options and the consequences of your choices

4. Risk Acceptance There is always a certain amount of risk involved in the driving task. How much risk is acceptable? – Evaluate consequences of taking risks (penalty, damage, injury or death) Knowledge can help you reduce your risk – Having good seeing habits and your ability to manage space on the roadway are essential – To minimize risk drivers need time, space & visibility to execute a maneuver

5. Risk Compensation Recognizing potential risk for limitations and making appropriate adjustments – Adjust speed to reduce risk – Adjust lane position to reduce risk – Use appropriate communication to reduce risk

6. Assessing Risks Never risk more than you can afford to lose. Should I not wear my seat belt, not have collision insurance. Do not risk a lot for a little. Is it really worth the risk to drive on icy roads to buy a soda? Consider the odds and your situation. Can I control the actions of other drivers in inclement weather?

7. Failure to Yield Right of Way is the second leading cause of crashes in Virginia Right of way is when a driver or pedestrian is allowed to proceed first at an intersection, merging roadway, private driveway, etc. Assessing and Managing Risk A driver cannot “take” right of way, it must be given by another driver

8. Driving While Intoxicated is the third leading cause of crashes in Virginia In Virginia, 245 persons were killed in alcohol-related crashes in 2011. Assessing and Managing Risk Why are young drivers who consume alcohol at much greater risk of being involved in crashes?

9. Disregarding a traffic sign or signal is the fourth leading cause of crashes in Virginia Assessing and Managing Risk

10. Following Too Closely is the fifth leading cause of crashes in Virginia. You will not crash if you have space -- space is time – time to steer or brake to avoid a hazard Assessing and Managing Risk Factors Contributing to Risk Why do young drivers tend to leave shorter following distances than older drivers?

11. Other Driver Actions Contributing to Crashes Improper Turns — Examples of improper turns would be turning wide in a right turn or cutting corners on left turns Unsafe Passing — This involves illegal passing or passing without sufficient clearance A lack of driving experience and risk -taking Assessing and Managing Risk

12. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teens, accounting for more than one in three deaths in this age group Approximately nine teenagers, (ages 16 to 19) died every day from motor vehicle injuries Per mile driven, teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are four times more likely than older drivers to crash What can YOU DO to change these statistics? Teen Crash Statistics in the USA

13. Virginia data for 2011 1 crash every 4.36 minutes 2.09 lives lost per day because of traffic crashes 174 persons injured per day because of traffic crashes 1 out of 25.39 licensed drivers are involved in a crash Some drivers NEVER have a crash! Consequences of Risk-Taking Behaviors Young drivers take more risks than other drivers

14. Very often drivers actually create the high risk situations they become involved in! Speeding is the number one cause of crashes in Virginia Speeding is driving above the posted speed or driving too fast for conditions Risk-Taking Behaviors Cause Crashes Do speed limits improve public safety?

15. Entering the Roadway Tasks 1. Place Foot Firmly on Service Brake 2. Select Proper Gear - Overdrive, Drive, or Reverse 3. Perform Traffic Checks - Forward, Rear, and Sides 4. Apply Proper Signal - Communicate Intentions Release Parking Brake - 5. Release Parking Brake - Prevents vehicle from moving when parked. It needs to be released to avoid damage to the car. 6. Select Gap in Traffic Flow 7. Move to Lane – Target Lane Position #1 – Release Service Brake – Accelerate Gradually – Steer to Center of Lane 3 feet Lane Position #1 CENTER OF LANE

16. Moving to Curb / Side of Road  Traffic Checks Front/  Traffic Checks Front/Rear/Sides  Proper Signal -  Proper Signal - Inform others of your intention to move from the roadway.  Target Ahead -  Target Ahead -Use center visual reference guide for 3-6 inches to position close to curb or edge of roadway.  Side Mirror and/or Blind Area Check -  Side Mirror and/or Blind Area Check - The only way mirror blind areas are eliminated if mirror setting is in BGE mode.  Adjust Speed Using Controlled Braking -  Adjust Speed Using Controlled Braking - Controlled-braking pressure eliminates jerky stops and informs others of your intentions to stop the vehicle.  Use Gradual Steering  Use Gradual Steering - Make Adjustments to Align Visual Reference Points  Re-check Traffic - Traffic to sides and rear are important as lane position is established.  Cancel Signal Indicator

17. Reference Points What are they? –Help you maintain a consistent position in the middle of the lane –Fixed object Hood ornament Crook of windshield wiper blade Remember: you, the driver, should not be centered within the lane.

18. Find Reference Points A point on outside / inside of vehicle that allows driver to know where they are in relation to the curb Can be used for front, sides and rear of car Center of hood can be used Find personal reference points to help you Important in parking

19. Types of Parking Spaces Angle Perpendicular Parallel

20. Angle Parking: In Signal your intention and position vehicle 5-6 feet from parked cars Scan traffic in all directions Proceed until you can see along the left side of the car to the right space Sharp right turn Creep into space Straighten wheels Move until you are in front of the space

21. Angle Parking : Backing Out Scan all lanes / zones Back out slowly Turn wheel sharp right when front of car is even with back of car on the left

22. Perpendicular Parking Signal your intention and place your vehicle 5-6 feet from parked cars Scan traffic Cut wheel when your front is even with left rear Straighten out wheel Stop at front of spot Position front bumper 3-6 inches from the curb.

23. Perpendicular Parking: Out Scan all zones Pedestrians Back out slowly Turn when front mirror is even with rear of neighboring cars Make sure your fenders clear the cars near you

24. Select a space that is at least five feet longer than your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and put on your turn signal as you approach the space. Select a space that is at least five feet longer than your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and put on your turn signal as you approach the space. Monitor the traffic to the rear. Monitor the traffic to the rear. Place your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehicle you want to park behind with back bumpers even. Place your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehicle you want to park behind with back bumpers even. Put your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly and turn the steering wheel sharply. Put your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly and turn the steering wheel sharply. Stop when your steering wheel is aligned with the back bumper of the front vehicle. Stop when your steering wheel is aligned with the back bumper of the front vehicle. Continue backing slowly while steering sharply in the opposite direction. Use quick glances to the front and rear. Continue backing slowly while steering sharply in the opposite direction. Use quick glances to the front and rear. Center the vehicle in the space. Wheels should be 6 – 12 inches from the curb. Center the vehicle in the space. Wheels should be 6 – 12 inches from the curb. Parallel Parking

26. When Parking on a Hill… Before putting the car in Park, turn the wheels of the vehicle so that if it did roll, it would not roll into the road.

27. Uphill vs. Downhill If something malfunctions and your vehicle begins to roll… – If vehicle was going UPHILL It will roll backward – If vehicle was going DOWNHILL It will roll forward

28. Parking Downhill With a Curb – Turn your wheels to the right – Vehicle will go forward a bit & stop against curb.

29. Parking Downhill With NO curb – Turn your wheels to the right – Vehicle will roll out of the road away from traffic

30. Parking Uphill With a Curb – Turn your wheels to the left – Vehicle will roll slightly back & stop against curb

31. Parking Uphill With NO curb – Turn your wheels to the right – Vehicle will roll out of the road away from traffic

32. Down Hill When parking on a hill, you need to take special precautions to ensure your vehicle will not roll into the street and into traffic. UpHill + Curb Up Hill + Curb Up Hill - Curb Approach Communication Target Areas Path of Travel Line of Sight Speed Adjustment Lane Position Reference Points Courtesy Considerations Hill Parking

33. Parking Beside a Curb Colors have meaning –White Stop only long enough to pick up/drop off passengers –Yellow Stop only long enough to load or unload –Red Do not stop, stand, or park –Blue Parking is reserved for persons with disabilities Parking beside curbs of these colors is prohibited

34. Legal Prohibitions with Parking Legal ProhibitionsLegal Prohibitions No parking within 15 ft from fire hydrant No parking within 20 ft of a intersection No parking within 15 feet of entrance to fire, ambulance station No parking within 500 Feet of where Fire Trucks are stopped answering an alarm No parking within 50 feet of a railroad crossing Disabilities – obey all handicapped signsDisabilities – obey all handicapped signs HillsHills Down hill – Turn wheels toward curb Up Hill (with curb) – Back of wheels toward curb Up Hill (without curb) – Turn wheels to the right

35. Space Management Taking care of your vehicle and the little “space bubble” around it while your vehicle is moving. The best thing you can do to protect your vehicle is to allow a large space cushion between you and the vehicle in front of you Space = Time

36. Space Management System S S earch for problems E E valuate your options E E xecute decisions i i n T T ime

37. What is a Space Management System? A space management system helps drivers organize information into meaningful categories so decisions can be made easily and quickly Drivers must evaluate potential risk using the principles of probability (will it happen?) and consequence (what will be gained or lost?) Assess, Action Step, Evaluate

38. Direction of Travel Move Here Changing ZONE Closed ZONE Check Rear Check Side Central Space Area Open ZONE OPEN — OPEN — a zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel. CLOSED — CLOSED — a zone not available for the vehicle’s path of travel or an area that has a restriction to the driver's line of sight. CHANGING — CHANGING — an open zone that may change to a closed zone. Managing Your Zones

39. Approaching Intersections Clues for an intersection ahead – Street signs & lights – Roadway markings – Crossing Traffic – Parked vehicles on cross street – Turing Traffic – Traffic Stopping – Power lines Move your head to see beyond the LOS restrictions

40. Approaches to an Intersection Step 1 (Search) Identify Intersection Identify Controls Check Rear Areas Search for Intersection Risks Step 2 (Evaluate) Scan Open Side Areas First Scan Closed Side Areas Look for Closed or Changing Frontal Areas Step 3 (Execute) Adjust Speed Maintain Lane Position or Stop Behind Crosswalk Proceed Through Open Space Area or Stop Behind the Crosswalk

41. Controlled Intersections Crossing Intersections / Traffic: 1.Look around. Check rear zones 2.POT for pedestrians and vehicles making turns 3.Stop at line… if there are parked vehicles stop at #3 4.When you have a clear zone on left and right of 7 second, make your move

42. SMOG Technique S = Signal M= Mirrors –Check your side and rear view mirrors for traffic O= Over the Shoulder –Look over your shoulder into your blind spot G= Go –Go when the way is clear

43. Right Turns Check – Signs & Markings – Turns allowed? Choose – Correct lane – Move into lane if safe Communicate – Flash Brakes – Signal Position Car – Right side of right lane – 3-5 feet from curb

44. Executing a Right Turn Position Yourself Scan for traffic Find a 4-5 second gap Look – left…right….left Front wheels next to bend in curb Look through turn along path of travel Turn following curve of the curb Make sure turn signal is off

45. Left Turn Check – Signs & Markings – Turns allowed? Choose – Correct lane – Move into lane if safe Communicate – Flash Brakes – Signal Position Car – Right side of center line

46. Executing a Left Turn Position Yourself Scan for traffic Find a 4-5 second gap into traffic to left and right Yield to approaching traffic and pedestrians Look through turn along path of travel as you turn Make sure turn signal is off

47. Joining Traffic: Right Turn

48. Joining Traffic – Left Turn

49. Choose the Proper Lane

50. Hand Signals

51. Backing Signal if backing left or right Release parking brake Readjust seating position Visually target position Maintain reference points Use your brake to control your speed, not your accelerator pedal Turn wheel in the direction you want the back end of the car to go.

52. Check traffic flow. Signal and position the vehicle 2-3 feet (right side) or 3-6 inches (left side) from curb. Drive beyond the driveway and stop. Shift to Reverse, monitor intended path of travel. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you enter driveway. Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway and stop with the wheels straight. Signal left and exit driveway when the way is clear. Back into driveway on the right and left side ApproachApproach CommunicationCommunication Target AreasTarget Areas Path of TravelPath of Travel Line of SightLine of Sight Reference PointsReference Points Speed ControlSpeed Control Lane PositionLane Position Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations 1 2 3 Two Point Turns (Left & Right)

53. Prepare for a Turnabout Check if there are signs the prohibit Laws? At least 500 ft of visibility in all directions Near hills, curves or within 200 feet of an intersection? Heavy traffic? Enough space to complete? Traffic and pedestrians in your way?

54. Two – Point Turn Signal Early Flash Brakes Check for objects or children Stop 3 feet from curb Rear bumper just past driveway Foot on brake Reverse Look over shoulder Back up slowly As rear enters driveway, turn wheel Stop when front is clear of curb

55. Entering Driveway on Left: Risky Will have to back into street Signal left turn early Flash brakes Rear bumper clears edge of roadway Check for pedestrians Stop when wheels are straight

56. Driveway on Right: High Risk Will have to back into traffic and cross traffic!! Use only in low-speed, low traffic residential areas Signal left turn early, position vehicle 2-3 feet from curb Flash brakes Rear bumper clears edge of roadway Check for pedestrians and traffic Shift to Reverse and turn wheel rapidly to the right Straighten out wheel, centering car in driveway and stop with wheels straight

57. 3 Point Turn Check rear and front zones Signal right Stop close to right edge of curb Check traffic in both directions 20-30 second gap needed Turn wheel all the way to left Signal Left Turn and advance until front wheels are near curb Reverse Back up Turn wheel Straighten out Move Forward into lane

58. U-Turn Need a wide street Make sure it is legal Signal Turn wheel sharply Need to judge width of road and turning radius of car

59. U-Turn Can be dangerous Make sure it is legal Make sure you have enough time to complete 500 visibility in each direction Never on hills or near intersections Never on highway Monitor all zones

60. Lane Position ONE (LP 1) 3 FEET Your left side reference point runs through the driver’s side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle. Your right side reference point runs through the center of passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the right side of the vehicle. Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often. Lane Position #1

61. Your lane position #2 reference point is about 1 foot from left side (it may be the crease between the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb. Lane Position TWO (LP 2) 3-6 INCHES 6 FEET Lane Position #2

62. Your lane position #3 reference point is through the center of your hood to the right edge of the roadway. Lane Position THREE (LP 3) (LP 3) 3-6 INCHES 6 FEET Reference point Line of Sight Lane Position #3

63. The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane position adjustments to minimize risk and create more space between their car and problem situations. T – 2.56 Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 LP 3 LP 2 LP 4 LP 5 LP 1 OBSTACLE Possible Lane Positions