3.  Central Intelligence Agency  1947  National Security Act signed by President Truman  As the Cold War heated up, the U.S. depended more and more on information from spies  The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S. using covert (secret) actions

4.  1954  more than 480,000 workers ◦ the world's largest foreign intelligence service.  infiltrated every major Western intelligence operation  But unlike the CIA, the KGB conducted most of its activities on Soviet soil against Soviet citizens. ◦ agents sometimes posed as businessmen and journalists  Declassified Russian and American documents indicate that the Soviet Union had at least five agents in the U.S. nuclear weapons program and possibly as many as 300 agents in the U.S. government by 1945.  http://www.history.com/topics/kgb

5.  In 1951, the prime minister of Iran nationalized (took government ownership) the oil fields (took them away from private companies – mostly British)  Britain protests by not buying oil  US fears that Iran would turn to Soviets  The U.S. began sending millions of dollars to anti-government supporters in Iran  the U.S. orchestrated the return to power of the pro-U.S. Shah (King) of Iran in 1953. ◦ He returned control of oil fields to the private companies The last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

6. 1954: President Eisenhower said referring to communism, “You have a row of dominoes set up... You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over quickly”  At the time the US is at war against Communism in Korea while Communist forces in Vietnam are taking over  The US sees the outcome of both as vital

7.  Stalin dies in 1953; by 1956 Nikita Khrushchev had taken power

8.  On June 16, 1953, workers in East Berlin rose in protest against government demands to increase productivity. Within days, nearly a million East Germans joined the protests and began rioting  Soviet forces used massive military force to suppress the rioting https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953- 1960/east-german-uprising

9.  1954, CIA covert actions in Guatemala (a Central America country just south of Mexico).  The U.S. believed Guatemala was on the verge of becoming Communist, ◦ Their government had given American-owned land to Guatemalan peasants  CIA trained an army of Guatemalans which invaded the country  Revolution ensued and the army’s leader took power as dictator.

10.  YEAR - 1957  DEFNINTION – US would defend Middle East against Communism (similar to earlier “Truman” Doctrine used in Greece and Turkey)  Example of containment

11.  1955 Aswan dam on the Nile River to be built  Nasser, Egypt’s head of government tried to play the Soviets and Americans against each other to see which side would pay more to help build dam  1956: US withdraws loan; in response, Nasser takes over Suez Canal (owned by France and England) ◦ He refused to allow ships going to Israel through the canal ◦ Israel, France, England sends troops ◦ UN negotiates and Egypt got to keep the canal ◦ Increases Soviet presence in the Middle East

12.  1955 Aswan dam on the Nile River to be built  Nasser, Egypt’s head of government tried to play the soviets and Americans against each other  1956: US withdraws loan; in response, Nasser takes over Suez Canal (owned by France and England) ◦ He refused to allow ships going to Israel through the canal ◦ Israel, France, England sends troops ◦ UN negotiates and Egypt got to keep the canal ◦ Increases Soviet presence in the Middle East http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle _east/5195068.stm

13.  Hungary was dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of WWII,  Hungarian people revolted in 1956 (against their own communist government)  Wanted a more democratic government and free elections  Led by Imre Nagy, the liberal Communist leader of Hungary  demanded that Soviet troops leave  The Soviets’ response was swift and brutal  30,000 Hungarians were killed  Nagy was executed  200,000 Hungarians fled  Soviets reasserted control by replacing the government with pro-Soviet “puppet” leaders  Both the U.N. and the United States did nothing – too close to the Soviet Union The Soviets responded to the Hungarian revolt with tanks

14.  Stalin dies in 1953; control taken by Nikita Khrushchev ◦ He focused on competing with the West through the economy and scientific advance.  The Space Race ◦ competition for international prestige ◦ Initially dominated by the Soviets  On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite  Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes  Americans were stunned and embarrassed; they began to pour money into space programs ◦ First satellite a failure ◦ On Jan 31, 1958 America successfully launched a satellite.

15.  http://www.history.c om/topics/space- race/videos http://www.history.c om/topics/space- race/videos  Online summary video on space race

16. Laika inside Sputnik 2  Sputnik 2: November 3, 1957 carrying a dog named Laika (Barker)  first animal in orbit. She suffered no ill effects while alive in orbit at an altitude near 2,000 miles. She died later as capsule ran out of air.  Americans nicknamed the dog Muttnik.  http://www.spacetoday.org/Astr onauts/Animals/Dogs.html http://www.spacetoday.org/Astr onauts/Animals/Dogs.html

17. Russian dogs Strelka and Belka went into space aboard Sputnik 5 and returned healthy

18.  America strikes back with Gordo, a squirrel monkey, on December 13, 1958  Gordo's capsule was never found in the Atlantic Ocean.  He died on splashdown.  six months later a rhesus named Able and a squirrel monkey named Baker flew to an altitude of 300 miles up at speeds over 10,000 mph. The monkeys were weightless for nine minutes. They were recovered successfully.  http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html Rhesus monkey suited up for Little Joe launch of Mercury capsule

19.  In the late 1950s, the CIA began secret high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory  The U-2’s infra-red cameras took pictures of Soviet troop movements & missile sites

20.  On May 1, 1960, Gary Powers’ U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory  Powers parachuted and was captured ◦ sentenced to 10-years in prison  At first the U.S. denied it was spying; Eisenhower finally admitted and agreed to stop the flights.  Powers was released in 1962 in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel