1. The Confederation & The Constitution America is built on COMPROMISES 1776 - 1790

2.  It’s 1776. You have declared your independence from Britain. Now what? What challenges do you face as you begin nation-building?  Most immediate challenge  Most potentially damaging challenge  Most difficult challenge to resolve Now What?

3. Overview  Revolution v. evolution::: the break from England was not a radical transformation, but produced political innovations and social change towards greater equality and democracy.  Compromise was an essential element for a federal government, along with the abandonment of the Articles of Confederation.  The federal Constitution provided a strong framework for national identify and protection against disorder.

4. Victory! But now what…?  New responsibility of creating and operating a central government.  This new type did not exist.  Natural rights/equality taught by political leaders.  Allegiance for a common cause was now gone.  New American industry in competition with English goods.

5. Strengths  All 13 states had similar constitutions.  Unity of a rich political heritage.  Brilliant political leaders:  Washington, Madison, Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton.

6. Move Towards Equality  Exodus of Loyalists create a weakness in conservatives.  Removal of many aristocrats  Modified laws and customs for more equal treatment.  Most states reduced property-holding requirements to vote.  Religious freedom  Expanded freedoms for women (education, civic virtue, and, republican motherhood)  Challenged Slavery – why not removed?  Sacrificed for unity  Opportunities for all (esp. land) helps keep violence at bay.

7. Judith Sargent (Murray)

8. Economy?  Non-importation agreements helped give manufacturing a boost.  Later the war itself  Trade with Britain was restricted due to the same mercantilist laws  Could freely trade with other nations  DEBT from the war  States had borrowed more than they could ever repay  Inflation was out of control

9. State Constitutions  The Second Continental Congress in 1776 called upon all colonies to draft new constitutions, making them states.  Several common features of these DWAARFs:  Defined the powers of the government  Weak executive and judicial branches  Authority from the people  Annual election of legislators  Rights included (Bill of Rights)  Fundamental law

10. The Creation of Articles of Confederation Drafted and adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777. –Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781. Fighting was primarily over the west. All states fought for it, so why not split the prize? COMPROMISE –Land was given up –Areas for the “common benefit” – new republican states

11. Strengths in the Articles of Confederation  The first step towards the present Constitution  Clearly outlines central government powers  Making treaties  Establish the postal service  Held the states together until America was ready for the next step in unity.

12. Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation  America’s “first constitution”  Congress only  no executive branch and judicial issues were left to the states.  Each state had one vote  Important votes required 9 states  Changes to the Articles required unanimous ratification  Three significant handicaps:  No power to regulate commerce  No power to collect taxes  No power to force states or individuals of states  (wart.com + no e + no j / sovereignty)

13. Action of Congress: Land Ordinances  Land Ordinance of 1785  Land to be surveyed and sold to pay off national debt.  Land Ordinance of 1787  First temporary tutelage  Second permanent equality The Old Northwest acquired in the Peace Treaty of Paris

14. Foreign Relations: No Respect  England  Would not send an ambassador to America  Would not accept imports from U.S.  Held trading posts on U.S. soil (Indian alliance & fur trade)  Spain  Closed the Mississippi river to American commerce in 1784  Claimed Florida other southern areas given to the U.S. in the Peace of Paris.  France  Demanded repayment of war debt (revolution’s a- brewin’)  Restricted trade with West Indies

15. U.S. in 1783

16. Shay’s Rebellion: More Backcountry Strife  Massachusetts in 1786  Impoverished backcountry farmers were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies.  Demanded the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers  Put down by a MA army – three were killed

17. Impetus for Change  Fears of “Democratic Despotism”  Self-interest and greed instead of civic virtue ruling  Conservatives and the wealthy wanted to create more power over the mob.  Interstate fighting over commerce had become serious.

18. The Constitutional Convention  Met to revise the Articles of Confederation  55 emissaries for 12 states met in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787.  Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton  Not present? Jefferson, Samuel and John Adams, Hancock, Patrick Henry  Met in complete secrecy  Took 17 weeks  Not all members signed the Constitution

19. Areas of Agreement  Economically  Reliable money  Protection of private property  Politically  Stronger government  Checks and balances – three branches  Fear of mob rule  Federal judges for life  Indirect voting  Most important 2 principles:  Consent of the governed  Powers of government should be limited

20. Constitutional Compromises  Large State vs. Small State plans  “The Great Compromise” House of Representatives and the Senate  Electoral College  Presidential elections by indirect means  Three-fifths compromise  Slaves counted as 3/5 a person  End to slave trade  Allowed to continue until 1807  Assumption of state debt  Centrally located capital

21. Issues Debated  Should the United States adopt the new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation?  Need for change. Does the government of the Articles need to be replaced?  Can a republic govern a large territory and a diverse population?  Will the new constitutional government create an aristocratic power in the presidency?  Does the proposed Constitution protect the people’s liberty?

22. Federalists vs. Anti Federalists FederalistsAnti-Federalists LeadersWashington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and Marshall Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and George Clinton Social, regional, and economic strongholds Commercial, seacoast, urban, and upper-class groups Controlled the press Non-commercial, western, agrarian, and state-oriented interests Ideas arguedDrawn up by rich aristocracy – antidemocratic No bill of rights to protect individual liberties Elimination of annual elections for congressional representatives Creating a federal strong-hold (10 mile square) Omission of any reference to God Process of ratifying with only 2/3 of the states

23. Ratification  Four small states quickly sign  PA was the first large state to sign  VA, NY, NC, and RI hold out  VA Patrick Henry rails against the Constitution, but Washington, Madison, and John Marshall win.  NY Hamilton, Jay, and Madison pen The Federalist Papers.  NC and RI finally ratified, unwillingly and months later.

24. Timeline of Events Declaration of Independence 1776 1777 Articles of Confederation Drafted 1781 1787 1788 1789 1791 Bill of Rights Adopted Washington Elected Constitution Ratified Constitutional Convention Articles of Confederation Ratified