3. Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1: Meiosis Section 2: Mendelian Genetics Section 3: Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

4. Click on a lesson name to select. Define “Homologous chromosomes”:

5.  Human body cells have 46 chromosomes 10.1 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes Chapter 10  Homologous chromosomes—one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent Chromosomes and Chromosome Number

6. How many chromosomes do humans have… Total # chromosomes = Homologous pairs of chromosomes =

7. We have 46 total chromosomes We have 23 unique chromosomes On each pair of chromosomes are genes for the same traits in the same order Mom’s Chrom. #1 Dad’s Chrom. #1 Gene for hair color Dad’s codes for brown Gene for hair color Mom’s codes for red

8. Draw human Homologous chromosome pair #3 at the end of: G1: S:

9. Chromosomes and Chromosome Number 10.1 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Same length  Same centromere position  Carry genes that control the same inherited traits Chapter 10

10. What is the purpose of: A. Mitosis / cytokinesis: B. Meiosis:

11. Haploid and Diploid Cells  Human gametes (sperm and egg) contain 23 chromosomes. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  A cell with n chromosomes is called a haploid cell. ( n = 23 in humans)  A cell that contains 2n chromosomes is called a diploid cell. ( 2n = 46 in humans) 10.1 Meiosis  Sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation. Chapter 10

12. Define Haploid and Diploid and indicate the standard way to note each condition: A. Haploid: B. Diploid

13. Meiosis I  The sexual life cycle in animals involves meiosis. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Meiosis produces gametes. 10.1 Meiosis  When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored. Chapter 10

14. Stages of Meiosis I  Reduces the chromosome number by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Involves two consecutive cell divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10

15. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Interphase  Chromosomes replicate.  Chromatin condenses. Chapter 10 Interphase

16. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Prophase I  Pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.  Each chromosome consists of two chromatids.  The nuclear envelope breaks down.  Spindles form. Chapter 10 Prophase I

17. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Prophase I  Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information.  Crossing over—chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes. Chapter 10

18. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Metaphase I  Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers.  Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator. Chapter 10 Metaphase I

19. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Anaphase I Chapter 10 Anaphase I  Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

20. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Telophase I  The spindles break down.  Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei.  The cell divides. Chapter 10 Telophase I

21. Meiosis II  Prophase II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10  A second set of phases begins as the spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes condense. Prophase II

22. Meiosis II  Metaphase II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10  A haploid number of chromosomes line up at the equator. Metaphase II

23. Meiosis II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis  Anaphase II Chapter 10 Anaphase II  The sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell.

24. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II Chapter 10  Telophase II  The chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform. Telophase II

25. Meiosis II Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each with n number of chromosomes. 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10 Cytokinesis

26. Diagram a cell with 4 chromosomes (2 homologous pairs) going through meiosis (label steps/phases)

28. The Importance of Meiosis  Meiosis consists of two sets of divisions Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Produces four haploid daughter cells that are not identical 10.1 Meiosis  Results in genetic variation Chapter 10

29. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Meiosis Provides Variation  Depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, four gametes with four different combinations of chromosomes can result.  Genetic variation also is produced during crossing over and during fertilization, when gametes randomly combine. 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10

30. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction  Asexual reproduction (Mitosis)  The organism inherits all of its chromosomes from a single parent.  The new individual is genetically identical to its parent.  Sexual reproduction (Fusion of gametes)  Beneficial genes multiply faster over time. 10.1 Meiosis Chapter 10

31. Name at least 3 of the main ways mitosis differs from meiosis:

32. Mitosis vs Meiosis differences MitosisMeiosis_______ -one division-2 sets of divisions -creates 2 clones-creates 4 genetically different cells -creates diploid cells-creates haploid cells - for creating body cells - for creating gametes -No crossing over- crossing over occurs Sister chromatids split in Ana-Homolog. pairs sep in Ana1 (Chromatids separate in AnaII)

34. Mendel grew up on a small farm in what is today the Czech Republic. In 1843, Mendel entered an Augustinian monastery. He studied at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853 where he was influenced by two teachers: -a physicist who encouraged experimentation and the application of mathematics to science and a botanist who aroused Mendel’s interest in the causes of variation in plants. These influences gelled in Mendel’s experiments. Mendellian Genetics

35.  Mendel studied seven different traits. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Seed or pea color  Flower color  Seed pod color  Seed shape or texture  Seed pod shape  Stem length  Flower position 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

36. How Genetics Began  The passing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or heredity. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Mendel performed cross-pollination in pea plants.  Mendel followed various traits in the pea plants he bred. Chapter 10

38. Genes in Pairs Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Allele  An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation  Dominant:  Recessive: 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10 an allele that produces the same phenotypic effect whether inherited with a homozygous or heterozygous allele A condition that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of a this allele

39. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous.  An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

40. Genotype and Phenotype Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  An organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype.  The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair is called the phenotype. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

41. Define P generation: F1 generation: F2 generation:

42.  The parent generation is also known as the P generation. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

43. Monohybrid Cross Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait is called a monohybrid cross. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

44. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Punnett Squares  Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

45. Show the Punnett square and the resulting genotype and phenotype ratios for the offspring (F1’s) of this P generation cross: ex GG X gg (G= green, g=yellow)

47. Show the Punnett square and the resulting genotype and phenotype ratios for the offspring (F2’s) for the cross of F1’s that would be produced above

48. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  The second filial (F 2 ) generation is the offspring from the F 1 cross. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10  The offspring of this P cross are called the first filial (F 1 ) generation.

49. F2 results were always the same

50. Mendel developed a hypothesis to explain these results that consisted of four related ideas. 1. Alternative version of genes (different alleles) account for variations in inherited characters. –Different alleles vary somewhat in the sequence of nucleotides at the specific locus of a gene. The purple-flower allele and white-flower allele are two DNA variations at the flower-color locus.

51. 2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. –A diploid organism inherits one set of chromosomes from each parent. –Each diploid organism has a pair of homologous chromosomes and therefore two copies of each gene. These two alleles an organism has for a trait may be identical, as in the true-breeding plants of the P generation. Alternatively, the two alleles may differ

52. 3. If two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the the organism’s appearance. The other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance. –Mendel’s F 1 plants had purple flowers because the purple-flower allele is dominant and the white- flower allele is recessive.

53. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation

54. 4. The two alleles for each character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete production. The separation of alleles into separate gametes is summarized as Mendel’s law of segregation. ***This happens during Anaphase I of meiosis***

55. Widows peak = Dom Tongue rolling = Dom Dimples = Dom Cleft in chin = Rec Free earlobe = Dom Hitchhikers thumb= Dom PTC tasting = Dom Observable Mendellian Traits in Humans

56. Mendel’s Law of Segregation Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis.  During fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite.  Heterozygous organisms are called hybrids. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

58. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Dihybrid Cross  The simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant is a dihybrid cross.  Dihybrids are heterozygous for both traits. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

59. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Punnett Square— Dihybrid Cross  Four types of alleles from the male gametes and four types of alleles from the female gametes can be produced.  The resulting phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

63. Explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment:

64. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Law of Independent Assortment  Random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation  Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis.  No 2 traits are tied together  Green peas could be in green pods or yellow pods  Each allele combination is equally likely to occur. 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10

65. What is “Crossing over” and when does it occur?

66. Meiosis I Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Crossing Over  Prophase I  Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information.  Crossing over—chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes. Chapter 10

68. Genetic Recombination  The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be calculated using the formula 2 n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs. Chapter 10

69. Gene Linkage  The linkage of genes on a chromosome results in an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment because linked genes usually do not segregate independently. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Chapter 10

70. Polyploidy Sexual Reproduction and Genetics  Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism.  A triploid organism, for instance, would be designated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes. 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Chapter 10

71. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. Chapter 10

72. A. # B. x C. r D. n Which symbol is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Diagnostic Questions

73. A. Felix Mendelssohn B. Gregor Mendel C. Dr. Reginald Punnett D. Albert Einstein Name the person known as the father of genetics. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Diagnostic Questions

74. A. gamete B. hybrid C. phenotype D. genotype Which term refers to the outward expression of an allele pair? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Diagnostic Questions

75. Segments of DNA that control the production of proteins are called _______. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. chromatids B. chromosomes C. genes D. traits Chapter 10 10.1 Formative Questions

76. What is the term for a pair of chromosomes that have the same length, same centromere position, and carry genes that control the same traits? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. diploid B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. homologous Chapter 10 10.1 Formative Questions

77. How does the number of chromosomes in gametes compare with the number of chromosomes in body cells? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 10.1 Formative Questions

78. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 10.1 Formative Questions A. Gametes have 1/4 the number of chromosomes. B. Gametes have 1/2 the number of chromosomes. C. Gametes have the same number of chromosomes. D. Gametes have twice as many chromosomes.

79. What type of organisms only reproduce asexually? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. bacteria B. protists C. plants D. simple animals Chapter 10 10.1 Formative Questions

80. What is the name for different forms of a single gene that are passed from generation to generation? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. alleles B. genotypes C. phenotypes D. traits Chapter 10 10.2 Formative Questions

81. Which pair of alleles is heterozygous? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. RR B. Rr C. rr D. yR Chapter 10 10.2 Formative Questions

82. In rabbits, gray fur (G) is dominant to black fur (g). If a heterozygous male is crossed with a heterozygous female, what is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. 1:1 B. 1:2:1 C. 2:1 D. 3:1 Chapter 10 10.2 Formative Questions

83. Which explains how the shuffling of genes during meiosis results in billions of possible combinations? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. crossing over B. gene linkage C. genetic recombination D. independent segregation Chapter 10 10.3 Formative Questions

84. True or False Two genes on the same chromosome may become separated during meiosis. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 10.3 Formative Questions

85. What is the term for an organism that has one or more sets of extra chromosomes in its cells? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. diploid B. gamete C. hybrid D. polyploid Chapter 10 10.3 Formative Questions

86. A. 6 B. 12 C. 24 D. 36 How many chromosomes would a cell have during metaphase I of meiosis if it has 12 chromosomes during interphase? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Assessment Questions

87. A. prophase I B. interphase C. anaphase I D. anaphase II Which stage of meiosis is illustrated? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Assessment Questions

88. What is the next step for the chromosomes illustrated? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Assessment Questions

89. A. Chromosomes replicate. B. Chromosomes move to opposite poles. C. Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei. D. Chromosomes line up at the equator. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Chapter Assessment Questions

90. What is this process called? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. fertilization B. gamete formation C. inheritance D. reproduction Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

91. Before meiosis I, the sister chromatids of this chromosome were identical. What process caused a change in a section of one chromatid? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. DNA replication B. crossing over C. synapsis D. telophase Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

92. At what stage is the chromosome number reduced from 2n to n? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. prophase I B. metaphase I C. anaphase I D. meiosis II Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

93. To which step in this process does the law of segregation apply? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

94. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. grows into plant B. gamete formation C. fertilization D. seed development Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

95. For human eye color, brown is dominant and blue is recessive. If a husband is heterozygous and his wife has blue eyes, what is the probability that their child will have blue eyes? Sexual Reproduction and Genetics A. 0 B. 1/4 C. 1/2 D. 1 Chapter 10 Standardized Test Practice

96. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Glencoe Biology Transparencies

97. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Image Bank

98. Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Image Bank

99. gene homologous chromosome gamete haploid fertilization diploid meiosis crossing over Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Vocabulary Section 1

100. genetics allele dominant recessive homozygous heterozygous genotype phenotype law of segregation hybrid law of independent assortment Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Vocabulary Section 2

101. genetic recombination polyploidy Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Vocabulary Section 3

102.  Visualizing Meiosis I and Meiosis II Visualizing Meiosis I and Meiosis II  Generations Generations Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter 10 Animation