1. Bell Ringer 1- What is the basic/ smallest unit of life Cells

2. The Cell Cycle  The entire life cycle that a cell goes through http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookmito.html

3. Divide Your Note Page

4. Gap 1 Phase (G1)  G= Growth!!!  Cell goes through its normal functions

5. Checkpoint 1: G1  Enough nutrients?  Large enough?  DNA damaged?  Signals from nearby cells telling them division is needed

6. Synthesis Phase (S)  Synthesis= combining parts to make whole  DNA duplication occurs

7. Gap 2 Phase (G2)  REMEMBER G= Growth  Normal cell functions continue

8. Checkpoint 2  Large enough?  DNA damaged?

9. Mitosis (M)  Cell undergoes division  CYTOKINESIS

10. Length of Cell Cycle  S, G2, and M stages for all human cells takes about 12 hours.  Length of G1 depends on the cell

11. Rate of Division Cell typeLength of time Red blood120 days LymphocytesOver one year Other white10 hours Platelets10 days Bone25-30 years BrainLifetime Colon3-4 days Skin19-34 days Spermatozoa2-3 days Stomach2 days

12. G0 stage  Given to cells when they are not likely to divide  Brain and nerve cells remain in this stage!

13. Limitation to cell size  Too small?  Not enough organelles  Too big?  Decreased surface area: inadequate exchange of materials

14. Suitable cell size  Is maintained through coordination of growth and division

15. Bell Ringer 2- What is the purpose of Mitosis? To create more cells

16. Cell Division Mitosis

17. Chromosomes  Are made of DNA  Each duplicated chromosome consists of sister chromatids attached at a centromere http://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/htm/cytogenetics.htm

18. Interphase  Interphase – time for growth and regular cell activity.  Most of a cells life is spent in Interphase  During the synthesis stage of Interphase the chromosomes start to replicate.

19. Interphase

20. Mitosis  The division of somatic or regular cells.  Its divided into 4 phases.  Remember Interphase is NOT part of Mitosis.

21. Mitosis Stages  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase

22. Prophase  Chromatin condenses into chromosomes  Centrioles separate and a spindle fiber begins to form  Nuclear membrane breaks down

24. Metaphase  Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.  Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber.

25. Metaphase

26. Anaphase  Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.  They move apart to opposite ends of the cell.

27. Anaphase

28. Telophase  Chromosomes begin to uncoil  Nuclear membranes begin to reform

29. Telophase

30. Cytokinesis  The cytoplasm pinches in half.  Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes

31. Cytokinesis

32. Bell Ringer 3- 3-How do the football players lined up at midfield, the goal posts & the midfield line compare to the structures of a cell during mitosis?

33. Regulating the Cycle  Cells respond to internal and external events to control the process of cellular division.  Proteins are used as regulators.

34. External Factors  Growth Factors: proteins that stimulate cell division and are released by other cells.  Example: Platelets release sticky GF that form clots to stop bleeding.

35. Internal Factors  External Factors bind to the cell and trigger internal factors.  Kinases and Cyclins help the cell advance to the different stages of the cell cycle

36. Other Regulators  Apoptosis: Programed cell death   Baby development: Webbed fingers http://www.puppstheories.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=1510&st=60 http://www.moondragon.org/pregnancy/pregnancycalendar/preg8week.html

37. Why regulate cell division?  Uncontrolled cell growth is CANCER!  As a result, they form masses of cells called tumors that can damage surrounding tissues.

38. Asexual Reproduction  Creating of offspring from a single parent  Genetically identical  Mostly Prokaryotes  Reproduction= Binary Fission

39. Asexual Advantages  More efficient in environments that do not change  If not broken/ Don’t fix

40. Asexual Disadvantages  In changing environments offspring willall respond in the same way  Why would this be bad?

41. Brain POP  Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

42. Cell Differentiation  Unspecialized cells develop into mature forms and functions (specialized)  Examples? http://www.ddw-online.com/therapeutics/p149232-stem-cell-differentiation- winter-11.html

43. Brain POP  Cancer Cancer

44. Mitosis Real Cells: Matching  http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_ 07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/uni t2/bio_ch05_0157_ab_mitgame.html www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_ 07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/uni t2/bio_ch05_0157_ab_mitgame.htmlwww.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_ 07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/uni t2/bio_ch05_0157_ab_mitgame.html

45. Ticket out the door Some anticancer drugs prevent microtubules from forming spindle fibers. Why do you think these drugs might be effective treatments for cancer?

46. Bell Ringer 4- When cells become specialized and have a certain function Cell Differentiation

47. How to remember the stages  “I Playfully Meow at the Cat”  Interphase  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis

48. Cells  Somatic cells= body cells  Gametes= sex cells:  ova or eggs= Female  spermatozoa or sperm= Male

49. Human Body Cells  46 chromosomes  23 pairs

50. Human Body Cells  Genetically identical unless mutation  Homologous Chromosomes= onefrom mother & one from father

51. Human Body Cells  Autosomes= Chromosome pairs 1-22  Not related to sex of an organism

52. Human Sex Cells  Sex chromosomes= directly related to development of sexual characteristics  23 rd pair  XX= female  XY= male

53. Sexual Reproduction  Sexual Reproduction= fusion of two gametes: mixture of two parents  Fertilization= two gametes come together

54. Body vs. Sex Cells  Body cells (somatic) are Diploid (2n)  Sex cells (gametes) are Haploid (1n)

55. Meiosis  Meiosis= nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells.

56. Gamete Formation  In males, meiosis results in 4 sperm cells  In females, meiosis results in 1 egg cell and three polar bodies, which are not used in reproduction.

57. Bell Ringer 5- What type of sex chromosomes make up a male; XX or XY? XY

58. Meiosis Division of Sex Cells

59. Meiosis Stages  Meiosis usually involves 2 stages  Meiosis I  Meiosis II

60. Prophase I  Chromosomes pair with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad= 4 chromosomes.  Crossing-over= chromosomes overlap and exchange portions of their chromatids.

61. Prophase I https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2011/02/an- introduction-to-dna-and-chromosomes-text-and-audio/ http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/chromatids/Interesting

62. Metaphase I  Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

63. Metaphase I

64. Anaphase I  Spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.

65. Anaphase I

66. Telophase I & Cytokinesis  Nuclear membranes form.  The cell separates into 2 cells.  How many chromosomes in each cell?

67. Telophase I

68. Prophase II  Each cell has half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

69. Prophase II

70. Metaphase II  The chromosomes line up similar to metaphase in mitosis.

71. Metaphase II

72. Anaphase II  Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

73. Anaphase II

74. Telophase II  Meiosis II results in 4 haploid cells.

75. Telophase II

76. Mitosis vs Meiosis MitosisMeiosis Results in 2 Diploid Cells (2N) 4 Haploid Cells (N) Cells are Genetically Identical Genetically Different Occurs in Somatic (Body) Cells Sex Cells

77. How many?  How many chromosomes does the somatic human cell have?  After Mitosis?  After Meiosis I?  After Meiosis II?

78. Bell Ringer 6-When does crossing over occur? Meiosis- Prophase 1

79. Mitosis vs Meiosis MitosisMeiosis Results in 2 Diploid Cells (2N) 4 Haploid Cells (N) Cells are Genetically Identical Genetically Different Occurs in Somatic (Body) Cells Sex Cells

80. Bell Ringer  Quietly STUDY for mitosis/ meiosis Test!!!