1. 1 Conversion of Diesel/S.I. Engines to Operate on Biogas and Producer Gas Dr. Ram Chandra DBT’s Energy Bioscience Overseas Fellow Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016

2. Requirement of Conversion – Petrol Engine conversion –Gas carburetor –Governing Mechanism Diesel Engine Conversion –Ignition Mechanism/ignition advance –Gas carburetor –Governing Mechanism

3. Conversion of Diesel Engine to Gaseous Engine Gas –Air Mixing Compression Ratio –LPG, Natural GasCR=11 –Alcohol (jet enlarged)CR=12 –PetrolCR=7.7 – 9.5 –Biogas CR =10-12 Ignition Advance More Wear & Tear because of less lubrication

4. Fig.1 : Schematic Diagram for Conversion of Diesel engine to 100% Biogas Engine Spark Plug Air Filter MANUAL GAS CONTROL VALVE BIO – GAS DIGESTER Electronic ignition Mechanis m on cam shaft ENGINE Governor Control Unit Venturi Butterfly Diaphragm operated Biogas Valve Biogas Speed Pick up sensor Flywheel Exhaust Air Gas Mixture Distributor

5. Modifications of the Engine Removal of fuel injection pump, fuel lines and injector, Reduction of compression ratio, Modification in cylinder head for installation of spark plug in the injector hole, Mounting of an ignition system with contact breaker assembly, ignition coil, spark plug, Installation of Gas carburetor Installation of Governing Mechanism

6. Flow Diagram Existing Diesel Engine Disassemble engine, Remove piston, Remove fuel Pump, Remove Injector Change compression Ratio Enlarge injector hole dia to adapt spark plug Install the ignition mechanism on cam shaft/ Crank shaft. Install gas carburetor. Advance the ignition mechanism Diesel engine converted to 100% Biogas Engine/Producer gas

7. ActuatorECU UNITSpeed Sensor on FlywheelSpeed Sensor Electronic Governing Mechanism ACTUATOR GOVERNING BUTTERFLY OF CARBURETTOR

8. Spark PlugDistributor H.T. Coil Spark Ignition Mechanism Spark plug in head of the engine Electronic Distributor mounted on camshaft H.T COIL

9. Vacuum operated Biogas Diaphragm Valve Gas Carburetor/Air-gas Mixing Diaphragm control Gas Valve Manual control Gas Valve Gas Carburettor

10. Diesel Engine Converted to 100% Biogas Generator-12 KW At IIT- Delhi

11. Diesel Engine Converted to 100% Biogas Engine Diesel Engine Converted to 100% Biogas Engine 3KVA (Single cylinder),7.5 KVA (Double cylinder)

12. Schematic Diagram for Conversion to Bio fuel Engine in Dual Fuel Mode using Diesel and Biogas VENTURI DIESEL INJECTOR DIESEL FUEL FILTER AIR FILTER MANUAL GAS CONTROL VALVE BIO – GAS DIGESTER GOVERNOR FUEL PUMP ENGINE GAS CONTROL VALVE

13. Dual Fuel Biogas Generator

14. Petrol Engine Converted to 100% Bio-Gas Engine

15. 15 5.9 kW Diesel Engine Converted to Gas Engine

16. Brake Power

17. Engine Speed

18. Specific gas consumption rate

19. Brake thermal efficiency

20. Relative air/fuel ratio of combustion

21. 21 Engine parameter at 12.65 CRIgnition advance ( 0 TDC) 303540 Brake power output (kW)3.548 (CNG) 3.500 (enriched biogas) 2.581 (biogas) 3.914 (CNG) 3.800 (enriched biogas) 2.661 (biogas) 3.763 (CNG) 3.650 (enriched biogas) 2.661 (biogas) Engine speed (rpm)1409–1544 (CNG); 1402–1537 (enriched biogas), 1228–1437 (biogas) Specific gas consumption (g/kWh)465–1550 (CNG) 471-1667 (enriched biogas) 651–3524 (biogas) 409–1240 (CNG) 421-1304 (enriched biogas) 625–3550 (biogas) 535–1240 (CNG) 548-1391 (enriched biogas) 626–3674 (biogas) Maximum brake thermal efficiency, %18.8 (CNG) 21.8 (enriched biogas) 22.5 (biogas) 22.2 (CNG) 26.2 (enriched biogas) 23.3 (biogas) 19.4 (CNG) 20.9 (enriched biogas) 23.3 (biogas) Range of relative air/fuel ratio of combustion 1.1–1.5 (CNG) 1.0-1.9 (enriched biogas) 0.5–0.7 (biogas) 0.6–1.1 (CNG) 0.4-1.1 (enriched biogas) 0.5–0.8 (biogas) 0.6–1.8 (CNG) 0.8-1.5 (enriched biogas) 0.5–0.9 (biogas) Maximum load development, %59.7 (CNG) 59.2 (enriched biogas) 53.4 (biogas) 68.2 (CNG) 66.6 (enriched biogas) 53.5 (biogas) 67.9 (CNG) 66.2 (enriched biogas) 51.9 (biogas) Performance results: stationary engine Chandra et al., 2011. Applied Energy, 88;3969–3977.

22. T hank Y ou