1. Marko Jets Lecturer Faculty of Transport Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM University of Applied Sciences

2. Contents Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 1.Background and History 2.ESC Operation 3.ESC Construction 4.Effectiveness Studies 5.Future Plans

3. Safety as Driving Force Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Automobile Safety Active safety ABS TCS ESC Passive safety crumple zones seatbelts airbags

4. ESC History Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 1978 – Antilock Brake System 1987 – Traction Control System, also known as ASR – AntiSkid Restrain System 1995 – Electronic Stability Program EHB – ElectroHydraulic Brake system called SBC - Sensotronic Brake Control

5. ESC, ESP Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 ESC - Electronic Stability Control ESP - Electronic Stability Program (trade mark)

6. Lateral Grip and Skidding Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Tires lateral grip maintains vehicle moving direction, drivers intention When lateral grip is exceeded the wheel will slip Vehicle with slipped wheels is hard to handle Front Wheel Skid Tendency Rear Wheel Skid Tendency

7. Dampening Front Wheel Skid Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Skid Control ECU –Controls the engine output –Applies the brake to the rear wheel of the inner circle of the turn

8. Dampening a Rear Wheel Skid Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Skid Control ECU –Applies the brakes of the front and rear wheels of the outer corcle of the turn –In some cases, the brakes of the rear wheels are applied

9. Component Location Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 ESC: Yaw Rate Sensor Steering Angle Sensor Wheel Speed Sensors Brake Actuator

10. Main Components Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Steering Angle Sensor –The steering angle sensor detects the steering direction and angle, and sends this signal to the skid control ECU.

11. Main Components Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Yaw Rate & Deceleration Sensor –The yaw rate sensor detects the vehicle’s yaw rate. –The deceleration sensor detects the vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral acceleration and deceleration.

12. Main Components Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Brake Actuator –The brake actuator consists of the actuator portion and skid control ECU

13. System Diagram Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Steering Angle Sensor Yaw Rate & Deceleration Sensor Wheel Speed Sensor (4) Stop Light Switch Parking Brake Switch Engine ECU Skid Control ECU Solenoid Valve (8) Master Cylinder Cut Solenoid Valve (2) Injector Throttle Control Motor

14. Engine Output and Brake Control Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 (a) - (d) Engine output control (b) - (c) Brake control

15. Brake Actuator Operation Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Fluid pressure in each wheel cylinder is controlled in 3 modes: 1.pressure increase 2.pressure holding 3.pressure reduction

16. Driver, Vehicle, Road Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

17. Longitudinal Forces Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Longitudinal forces depend on vehicle acceleration or deceleration

18. Lateral Forces Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Centrifugal force is determined by –Speed –Turning radius

19. Vehicle G-G Diagram Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 Result force of longitudinal (acceleration or braking) and lateral (turning) forces must be inside the ring of maximum available grip force Actual passenger car possible grip diagraam has different shape

20. Vehicle Stability Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 ESC cannot override a car's physical limits or increase traction. If a driver pushes the vehicle's traction beyond its limits, ESC cannot prevent a crash. available It is a tool to help the driver maintain control using available traction.

21. ESC Promotion Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 www.chooseesc.eu

22. Potential Effectivness Study in Europe Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

23. Crash Reduction by ESC on Cars in USA Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

24. Crash Reduction by ESC on Cars in USA Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

25. Crash Reduction by ESC on Cars in UK Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 * - the result on dry road is not statistically significant

26. Fatal Crash Reduction by ESC Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

27. Availability of ESC by Manufacturer Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

28. Availability of ESC Cars by Country Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008

29. Coming Soon Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008 ESP wide use in small and big family cars, it will be standard on compact and medium class vehicles not only on executive and luxury class ESP link with Active Steering to improve vehicle stability RSC - Roll Stability Control - that works in the vertical plane much like ESC works in the horizontal plane

30. Thanks for Your attention! TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF RADOM Ecology and Safety as a Driving Force in the Development of Vehicles IP Radom, 02 March – 15 March, 2008