1. The Muslim World

2. Origins of Islam began in Saudi Arabia – –Middle East Important cities: – –Mecca – –Medina Based on the monotheism of – –Abraham.

3. The Founder of Islam Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610 AD. told him that there was only one god “Allah”. spread his monotheistic message in Mecca. 622 flees Mecca for Medina. revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death. known as “The (last and greatest) Prophet”

4. Medina Muhammad fled to Medina and attracted a large devoted following. became a religious, political, and military leader.

5. Mecca & the Kaaba After years of fighting, Muhammad returned to Mecca and destroyed the idols at the Kaaba. Muslims believe that this shrine was built by the prophet Abraham. Important stop on early trade routes brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba

6. Jerusalem & the Dome of the Rock Mosque built around the rock that Muhammad jumped from to ascend into heaven in a dream. On the site of the original Temple of Solomon (Jewish)

7. Beliefs of Islam Qur’an (Koran) One God: “Allah” Five pillars (FAPPO) Judeo-Christian prophets: – –Abraham, Moses and Jesus Jews and Christians are considered “peoples of the book” Allah in Arabic

8. Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes Muhammad JesusJesus

9. Qur’an the holy book of Islam Word of God – – perfects earlier revelations from God (Bible) 114 suras (chapters). Written in Arabic.

10. Five Pillars of Islam Fasting during Ramadan Alms (charity) to the Poor Daily Prayer Pilgrimage (holy journey) to Mecca to visit the Kaaba (Hajj) Declaration of Faith: One God

11. Fasting Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. Considered a method of self-purification.

12. Alms for the Poor Charity in the form of religious tax About 2.5% of your income.

13. Daily Prayer five times a day- facing Mecca

14. Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during a person’s lifetime. 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage each year. Going on Hajj

15. The Mosque  The Muslim place of worship.

16. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Where Muhammad ascended into heaven Importance to the Jews??

17. Islam Easily Spread   Easy to learn and practice.   Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.   No priesthood.   “Peoples of the Book”   Christians and Jews were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

18. Islam Spreads Abu Bakr close companion, early convert, chosen leader called caliph, “successor” Reunified Arabia

19. Islam Spreads Umar 642 victory over Persian Empire, on to Byzantium Byzantines lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem 642 Nile Valley under Arab rule

20. Internal Conflict and Division Deep conflict within Muslim leadership – –began with choice of Abu Bakr, (Muhammad’s chosen caliph) – –Some wanted Muhammad’s cousin, Ali 644 Civil war broke out between Ali’s forces and Umayyad – –Umayyad, powerful but unpopular Mecca clan – –Ali killed – –Umayyad take control

21. Sunni – Shi’a Division Split in Islamic religion caused by disagreement over succession Sunni – –all of the first four caliphs were the rightful successors of the Prophet Muhammed (the Rightly Guided Caliphs) – –The vast majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni sect.

22. Shi’a Muslims Shi’a – –caliph should be a relative of Muhammad (descendant of Ali –the 4 th Caliph). – –Shi’a Islam is the state religion of present-day Iran and the majority religion in Iraq and Lebanon.

23. Sufi Muslims Sought a life of poverty and spirituality. Practiced mystic form of Islam. Known as the “Whirling Dervishes” for their spinning. Believed they could contact God through physical acts. Not well liked in the Muslim community. Whirling Dervishes Other Sufi Traditions

24. Muslim Empire Expands Umayyad rulers moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus (in Syria) – –better control of distant territories Armies conquered territory to borders of China, Indus River Valley, to east Took northern Africa, most of Spain, to west

25. Battle of Tours To Stop the spread of Islam… between Muslims and Franks (Germanic tribe) took place in Tours (present-day France) Franks won, stopped Muslims from advancing beyond Spain and further into Western Europe. Charles Martel (Frankish King) was the Christian hero of the day.

26. Abassid Control Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in late 740s capital moved to Baghdad location provided access to key trade routes – –gave the caliph access to goods, gold, and info. Changed Islam to allow all to join, more non- Arabs

27. Muslim Empire Splits Muslim Empire did not stay politically united. By 900 C.E. began to split up into independent Muslim states – –Especially Fatamids in Egypt remained unified by a common religion, language, and trade.

28. Non Arab Control Seljuk Turks 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph Crusades In 1096 Western Europeans launched a crusade (holy war) to reclaim Jerusalem and the holy lands. In 1099, Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. War Against Byzantine Empire Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids went to war against Byzantine Empire

29. Except for… Wait for It… The Mongols 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished

30. Islam Today In the High Middle Ages Islam spread further into Central Asia, Southeast Asia and West Africa. Today Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and Indonesia Crash Course World History: Islam

31. Cultural Achievements Mosaics Arabic alphabet Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

32. Mosaics Pictures made up of bits of stone and glass. not permitted to picture holy beings instead used geometric designs

33. Arabic Alphabet spread with Islam and made trade through empire easier Ancient Greek and Roman texts translated into Arabic. For use in Universities

34. Muslim Universities Al Azhar university mosque, Cairo Centers of learning for Christian Europeans as well as Muslims during the middle ages Education and knowledge is very important in Islam

35. Scientific Contributions Arabic numerals (adapted from India) Algebra Medicine Geographic knowledge

36. Arabic Numerals Also called Hindu-Arabic numbers Base set 10 Easy to learn and use in accounting

37. Muslim Medicine Far more advanced than in Europe. Medical texts used by Europeans for 500 years First true hospitals.

38. Lateen Sail enabled them to sail closer to the wind Arab traders crossed the Indian Ocean By the tenth century this technology reached Europe from the Middle East.

39. Slavery Slavery was commonplace in many Muslim areas until modern times. Slavery was not based on race.