1. Unit 1: Chapter 2

2.  Founder: Muhammad  7th century  Sacred Text: Quran/Koran  God: Allah

3.  Five Pillars (duties) 1. Proclaim belief in one god 2. Prayer: 5 times a day, facing Mecca 3. Charity to poor and aged 4. Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan 5. Hajj-pilgrimage to Mecca

4.  After Muhammad’s death fight over who is Muhammad’s heir as caliph (head of a Muslim state), many murdered including Ali; Muhammad’s son-in-law  Split into Sunni and Shiite  Sunni-believe any devout Muslim could be caliph  Shiite-believe only descendants of Ali can be caliph

6.  1300s Byzantine Empire was declining  Most of Anatolia was inhabited by Turks  Many saw themselves as ghazis (warriors for Islam)  Formed military societies under an emir (chief commander)  Followed a strict code of Islamic law  Most successful ghazi- Osman (followers called Ottomans)

7.  Each group will receive one of the prominent rulers of the Ottoman Empire  Osman  Orkhan I  Murad II  Mehmed II  Selim the Grim  Suleyman I  In your graph organizer note the time period of their reign, their major accomplishments and any fact that you are pretty sure you need to know  Raise your hand and I will check your organizer; once it is checked- write your information on the paper provided so it can be posted  When time to work is up each group will select one person to present their group’s findings.

8.  Killed his most able son; exiled another- Selim II inherited the throne  Weak  Most new sultans had their brothers strangled and their sons in the harem- mostly uneducated  Why? Sultans feared anyone taking their power

9. 1. Sultan 2. Ghazis 3. Devshirme 4. janissaries a. Elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire; loyal to sultan b. Warrior for Islam c. Policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers d. “overlord” or “one with power”

10.  What were the characteristics of the Muslim Empire established by the Ottomans?

12. THINK ABOUT IT

13.  Led by cultural change- migration: pursuit of religious freedom or conversion, trade, conquest  Results-  Language (ex: Persian and Arabic words used)  Religion and ethical systems  Styles of government  Racial/ethnic blending  Arts and architecture

14.  Located between the Ottomans, Uzbeks and Mughal Empire  1499- 12 yr old ruler, Isma’il, took over “Iran”; done within 2 years  Took Persian title of shah (king)  Est. Shi’a Islam as state religion  Religious tyrant; don’t convert you were put to death  Destroyed Sunni population of Baghdad; Selim the Grim retaliated by executing Shi’a population in Ottoman Empire (up to 40,000)  Safavid vs Ottoman face off: Battle of Chaldiran 1514- sets border between Iraq and Iran

15.  Shah Abbas (Abbas the Great) 1587-1629  Under him the Safavid culture will develop from a blend between Ottoman, Persian, Arab sources Safavid Golden Age Reforms military government religion New Capital Artwork Carpets

16.  Killed/blinded able sons; incompetent rulers followed  1736: Nadir Shah Afshar expanded to India  Cruel (death penalty if you didn’t pay your taxes; killed 30,000 citizens in the city of Dehli- present day India)  Assassinated by one of his troops 1747  Empire fell apart

17.  What were the cultural characteristics of the blended Safavid Empire?

19.  1494: Babur inherited a tiny kingdom in present day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan but the elders drove him out  Builds army, swept into India and est. Mughal Empire (no unity in India due to defeated Dehli Sultanate 1398 by Timur the Lame)  Rules from 1526-1530; then son Humayan ruled: weak, lost territory  When he dies his son, Akbar, comes to the throne

20.  Blended Cultures (Persian, Arabic, Hindi= Urdu)  Military conqueror  Armies had heavy artillery  Appointed some rajputs as officers- made enemies into allies  Unified a land of 100 million people  King must always be aggressive so his neighbors do not try to conquer him  Liberal ruler  Religious freedom  Abolish tax on Hindu pilgrimages and jizya (tax on non-Muslims)  Instead a tax on amount of crops yielded  Governed through Bureaucracy  Anyone could rise to political office

21.  Son: Jahangir; real ruler wife- Nur Jahan  Son Khusrau rebelled, allied with Sikhs; leads to Sikhs becoming targets of empire  Grandson: Shah Jahan  Built Taj Mahal as tomb for wife, Mumtaz Mahal  Famines, overtaxed the people to build monuments and war  Great-grandson: Aurangzeb (1658-1707)  Expanded empire but weakened it but overtaxing non- Muslims, outlawing “vices”, enforcing Islamic law, destroyed Hindu monuments  Rajputs and Sikhs rebel

23.  2 million people died in famine under Aurangzeb  Local lords arose; empire divides  Mughal emperor becomes figurehead  Western traders arrived  1661 Aurangzeb gave away port of Bombay

24.  Create a T-chart and compared and contrast Akbar’s polices and Aurangzeb’s policies