1. The Christianization of Europe and Rise of Islam Week 1, Lecture 3 History 114B

2. The Process of Conversion Was it simple or complex? How did conversion to Christianity/Islam affect the society and culture of the Franks, the Irish, and the Arabs? What challenges did the Frankish kings face in the 8 th century?

3. Who were the Franks? Legendary first king Merovech was the son of a sea serpent “imperial Germans” serving in Roman armies in and around Gaul 486 – Syagrius, provincial governor, “REX ROMANORUM” Clovis (Chlodowig), son of Childeric

4. Grave Goods of Childeric (d. 481/2) http://www.archeurope.com/index.php?pag e=childeric-s-gravehttp://www.archeurope.com/index.php?pag e=childeric-s-grave Form of burial: a mound containing the chief and at least one horse; a herd of at least thirty other horses killed and buried around the tomb.

5. Bishop Remigius baptizes Clovis a Nicene Christian Painting by François-Louis Dejuinne

6. Ireland Never conquered by the Romans –NO urban centers Patricius (Patrick), Romano-British missionary and first “bishop.” 5 th century. Monasticism takes hold by sixth and seventh centuries.

7. Map right: Every dot is not a city, but a monastery. Image above: South Cross of Castledermott. Ireland, 8 th cen.

9. Converting the Anglo-Saxons Irish and Roman missionaries’ Christianities don’t always line up. When to celebrate Easter? Synod of Whitby, 662. Monastery of Lindisfarne (635) Lindisfarne Gospels by Eadfrith reveal both Celtic and Mediterranean influences. –In Latin, but an Anglo-Saxon translation added later in red ink—the first known English bible

11. Arabia in Late Antiquity and the Life of Muhammad Just starting to urbanize in the 7 th century. Towns and cities develop around oases, trade routes. Muhammad (c. 570-632) experienced visions starting in 610. Islam: “submission” (to God) Rapid spread: Persia, Syria/Palestine, and Egypt by 661. Rest of North Africa and Spain by 750. “Farewell, Syria, and what a beautiful land you will be for the enemy!” –Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, fleeing Syria in 636

12. Experiences of Christians under Muslim Rule Toleration for People of the Book –Loss of special privileges for Chalcedonian Christians. Monophysites point and laugh. Confusion—“What’s a Muslim???” –Are they a new kind of Jew maybe? –I heard they worship a god called “Mahomet”! –???

13. ICONOCLASM Image: An iconoclast whitewashes an icon of Christ. Chudlov Psalter, Byzantine, 9 th cen. Policy of Emperor Leo III (r. 717-41)

15. 8th Century Problems Pepin’s problem: wants to be king Popes’ problems: Byzantines are smashing icons (incomprehensible to Westerners); Lombards are threatening Rome Pepin can’t help with the first problem, but he can lend a hand with the second… Donation of Pepin