1. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Modular data center: (a) 3D view and (b) top view Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Detailed experimental measurements per tile at 100% CRAC fan speed. This data are used for airflow calibration in the numerical model. Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Calibrated CRAC operating point and fan characteristics curve. The internal resistance simulating the internal components of a CRAC is modeled based on the manufacturer data. Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 (a) Server simulator (load bank) and (b) measured fan curves used in the numerical model. The experimental measurements take into account the internal resistance of the load bank without the need to simulate the internal resistance in the numerical model. Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Schematic of (a) detailed CAC model and (b) detailed rack model Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Total CRAC flow rate at different load banks internal resistance. It is noteworthy that for open systems increasing the internal resistance has little impact on the flow rate, but for contained systems, a significant drop in flow rate is observed as the resistance is increased. Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Experimental measurements per tile at 60% CRAC fans speed for CAC system. This data are used for CAC system validation. Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Comparison between the measured inlet temperatures and the detailed model. The average temperature difference between the simulations and the measurements is 0.99 °C. Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 The inlet temperatures at different elevations of the rack using simulations. The rise in inlet temperature as a function of elevation in the cold aisle is due to cold air escaping the cold aisle at low elevations, and hot air penetrating at the upper portion of the cold aisle. Due to fixed temperature at the lower part of the racks, a broken y-axis is used between 0.8 and 1.8 m. Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Comparison between the measured inlet temperatures and the simplified model. The average temperature difference between the simulations and the measurements is 1.32 °C. Figure Legend:

11. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 The effect of varying the containment leakage on the total static pressure and total flow rate. After certain leakage area ratio, the CAC system behaves in a similar manner as an uncontained cold aisle system. Figure Legend:

12. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 Effect of the leakage variation on the inlet temperature. At small leakage area ratios, the increase in temperature is compensated by the increase in the cooling flow rate. At high leakage area ratios, the cooling flow rate becomes steady and the hot air leakage increases. Figure Legend:

13. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 The effect of leakage on the flow rate of rack 7/9 RU. The flow rate increases due to the decrease in the static pressure, however, this does not indicate better cooling because of the mixing with the leaking hot air at high leakage area ratios. Figure Legend:

14. Date of download: 5/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Experimentally Validated Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment J. Electron. Packag. 2015;137(2):021010-021010-9. doi:10.1115/1.4029344 The effect of leakage area ratio on the airflow rate through leakage. The airflow that leaks from the leakage locations increases as the leakage area ratio increases. While the leakage airflow rate is constant above a certain ratio, the leakage airflow rate through doors and ceiling varies which explains the change in temperature. Figure Legend: