1. Global Financial Crisis: Lessons from Islamic Finance and Implications for Local Business Prof. Habib Ahmed Durham University

2. Agenda  Background Islamic Principles and Law Related to Finance  Financial Crisis—Build Up  Lessons from Islamic Finance  Implications for Local Business  Conclusion

3. Islamic Commercial Law: Basic Approach  In economic transactions (muamalat), all activities are permitted expect what is explicitly prohibited by Islamic law (principle of permissibility)  New transactions can be accommodated through ijtihad as long as they do not contain the prohibited  The prohibitions in transactions include: Riba Gharar

4. Riba  Riba (literal meaning ‘increase’) is prohibited “...they say: trading is only like riba, whereas God has permitted trading and forbidden riba…” (Quran 2:275)  Different types of riba  Implications of riba: Interest is forbidden Selling debt is not allowed

5. Gharar  Gharar–Excessive risk, hazard, or ambiguity  Gharar can exist in the object or terms of the contract  Implications of gharar: Existence of the object (& ability to deliver) The future sale Derivative instruments (options, swaps, forwards, etc.)

6. Agenda  Background Islamic Principles and Law Related to Finance  Financial Crisis—Build Up  Lessons from Islamic Finance  Implications for Local Business  Conclusion

7. Making of the Crisis (1) 1. Driven by excessive profit-motives, banks/financial institutions engaged in sub- prime lending (with adjustable interest rates) 2. Loans packaged as Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS)/Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) 55% of the $10.2 trillion loans securitized (end 2006) 12-15% of securitized loans were sub-prime 3. Rating Agencies gave positive ratings to these securities (to get more business and collect fees)

8. Making of the Crisis (2) 4. Investors (banks, hedge and pension funds, municipalities, schools, etc.) acquired these securities 5. Investors/speculators bought Credit Default Swaps (CDS) to hedge credit risks on MBS/CDO Notional amounts of OTC Derivatives in 2007 $596 trillion, CDS $58 trillion (US GDP $13.8 trillion) 6. Issuers of CDS (Investment banks & Insurance companies) took on the risk of default

9. From Defaults to Economic Meltdown  Interest rates began to rise (1% to 5.25% between 2004- 2006)  Adjustable rate subprime loans started to default  Holders of MBS/CDO incurred losses  Prices of CDOs fell  Issuers of CDS had to pay-off the losses caused by default  Losses caused depletion of capital of FIs  Scramble to get funds  Money market froze (as lenders did not know the risks involved)  Lack of financing caused housing market to crumple— further decreasing housing (CDO) prices and increasing market risks  Credit risks, market risks, and liquidity risks produced systemic risks  Vicious cycle of deleveraging and economic downturn

10. Agenda  Background Islamic Principles and Law Related to Finance  Financial Crisis—Build Up  Lessons from Islamic Finance  Implications for Local Business  Conclusion

11. Islamic Financial Principles and Crisis  Islamic principles: Prohibition of selling of debt (CDOs) Prohibition on derivatives (CDSs) Prohibition on short-selling—limiting betting on downside risks Using risk-sharing instruments—more monitoring If Islamic principles were followed, the crisis would not have taken place the way it did

12. Crisis and Islamic Finance: Ethical and Legal Dimensions Conventional 1. Banks/financial institutions engaged in sub-prime lending 2. Loans packaged as MBS/CDO 3. Rating Agencies gave positive ratings to these securities 4. Investors/speculators bought securities 5. Credit Default Swaps (CDS) to hedge/speculate on credit risks Islamic 1. [Risk–sharing modes preferred] [Excessive greed discouraged] 2. Selling of debt prohibited 3. [Dishonesty discouraged] 4. - 5. Derivatives prohibited [Speculation discouraged]

13. Islamic Financial Sector and Crisis  Islamic financial sector has performed relatively better under the crisis ‘While conventional banks worldwide are nursing losses of more than $400 billion from the credit crisis, Islamic banks are virtually unscathed ’ (IHT, August 19, 2008) ‘In a dire year for mutual funds, the Amana Trust Income Fund, the main Muslim investment fund, has trumped those from all other faiths in the US by losing only 25.8% of its value for the year – half the average 44% loss for the US stock funds’ (FT, Dec. 26, 2008) ‘Non-Muslims turn to Islamic Bank as a safe option’ (Birmingham Post, Oct. 3, 2008) ‘Shares of most Islamic Banks in GCC markets record spectacular rise’ (Arab News May 14, 2009)

14. Agenda  Background Islamic Principles and Law Related to Finance  Financial Crisis—Build Up  Lessons from Islamic Finance  Implications for Local Business  Conclusion

15. Implications for Local Business  The rationale of Islamic finance in UK— social inclusion by providing financial access to Muslim community  Main beneficiaries are expected to be Muslims who did not deal with conventional finance  Birmingham has a large Muslim community that can be served by Islamic finance

16. Implications for Local Business  Islamic finance is not for Muslims only  Malaysia—Non-Muslims form a large customer base for Islamic finance Kuwait Finance House’s Malaysia—40 percent depositors and 60 percent borrowers are non- Muslims  Other than ethical dimension, Islamic finance can offer economic value that can benefit all  Islamic finance can supplement and enrich the financial system

17. Implications for Local Business  Time of crisis—people looking for stability and financing  IF should offer something unique Protection Stability Risk Sharing Economic value Social inclusion  If the range of Islamic financial products can be expanded—can attract more customers

18. Challenges and Constraints  Instead of developing products in line with the principles and values of Islamic law, Islamic finance appears to be mimicking conventional  Image—information about Islamic products and value proposition  Birmingham-moving from a manufacturing to a service based economy Retail, tourism, hospitality, transportation, etc.  IF have to come up with solutions to provide financing to the service sector

19. Conclusion  After the crisis, conventional economics is looking for ideas to fix the system  Principles of IF has much to offer  IF has features that can provide stability and resilience during crisis  Image—IF need to focus on the economic value proposition  Need to come up with new products that serves the needs without compromising on the principles

20. Thank you! habib.ahmed@durham.ac.uk