1. Forensic Psychological Perspectives in Deterring the Impact of Acts of Terrorism from ISIL and Khorasan: An Antiterrorism Paradigm By: Ronn Johnson, Ph.D, ABPP * Jessica Mueller, PsyD Student**David B. Ross, Ed.D*** Shacarah Henry, MA Candidate* Rande Matteson Ph.D**** Nergis Akkaya, MA Candidate* Jenny Li, MA Candidate* ** University of San Diego **Alliant International University *** Nova Southeastern University **** St Leo University

2. ● Forensic psychological relevance research ● Important definitions ● Two terrorist groups o ISIL/ ISIS o Khorasan ● Global perspectives ● Deterrence from a psychological standpoint Overview

3. ● There are approximately 50 to 60 known and active terrorist organizations (FBI, 2013; National Counterterrorism Center, 2014). ● Terrorists incite fear and carry out brutal attacks ● In 2013 there were 9,707 terrorist attacks and resulted in 17,800 deaths and 32,500 injuries. ISIL and Al-Qaeda were responsible for 2,126 attacks and casualties (U.S. State department Statistics, 2013) ● Polling done by NBC news/ Wall Street Journal shows that only 26% of individuals believe that the United States is safe. (MSNBC- National Security, 2014) Forensic Psychology Relevance Research

4. Important Definitions ● Terrorism ● Antiterrorism ● Counterterrorism ● Combating Terrorism ● Transnational threat ● Deterrence (Defense technical Information Center, 2014; FBI, 2014; Reinhart,2010; U.S. Army, 2012)

5. ● Who is ISIL/ISIS? ● What are their goals? ● Religion ● Acts of terrorism ● Beheadings of journalists Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

6. ● Who is Khorasan? ● Why haven’t we heard of them? ● The threat Khorasan imposes ● Perception of Khorasan Khorasan

7. ●The two have different goals ○ ISIL wants to gain territory ○ Khorasan wants to attack the U.S. and spread terror ●Khorasan expressed little interest in the war’s outcome ●Both groups use social media to recruit members ISIL vs Khorasan

8. ●Terrorism ○ U.S. perspectives ○ European perspectives ●ISIL & Khorasan Group ○ Perspectives ○ Interpretation of threat Global Perspective

9. ● Game Theory ● Types of deterrence o Punishment o Denial of benefits ● Approaches to deterring terrorism o Direct o Indirect What can Forensic Psychologists do? (Abrahms, 2014; Arce, 2003; Kroenig & Pavel, 2012)

10. ● Social Media ● Deterring Supporters o U.S.C. Section 2339A o U.S.C. Section 2339B ● Psychological associations ● Working together What can Forensic Psychologists do? (Abrahms, 204; Knox; 2014; Stevens, 2005; Tores- Soriano, 2013)

11. Abrahms, M. (2014). Deterring terrorism: A new strategy. Perspectives on Terrorism, 8(3), 1-14. Andersson, K. (2014). Portrait of a foreign fighter. Article retrieved from http://opencanada.org/features/portrait-of-a-foreign-fighter/ BBC News. (2014a). What’s happening in Syria and will the violence end? Retrieved from, http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16979186 http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16979186 BBC News. (2014b). What’s the appeal of a caliphate? Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29761018 Beauchamp, Zach. (2014). 17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know. Retrieved from, http://www.vox.com/cards/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know/what-is-isis http://www.vox.com/cards/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know/what-is-isis Borum, R. (2004). Psychology of terrorism. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida. Brachman, J. (2014). Transcending organization: Individuals and “The Islamic State”. Article from START, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism Bruce, G. (2013). Definition of terrorism social and political effects. Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health, 21(2), 26-30. Corbett, J. (2014). The Islamic State: Who is ISIS? Retrieved from Centre for Research on Globalization. Cowley, R., & Parker, G. (1996). Article by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/sun-tzu http://www.history.com/topics/sun-tzu References

12. Crooke, A. (2014). You can’t understand ISIS if you don’t know the history of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia _b_5717157.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia _b_5717157.html Deangels, T. (2009). Understanding terrorism. Retrieved from American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/11/terrorism.aspx http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/11/terrorism.aspx Democracy Now. (2014). Steven Sotloff beheaded by ISIS, Becoming 70th journalist killed covering Syria conflict. Retrieved from, http://www.democracynow.org/2014/9/3/steven _sotloff_beheaded_by_isis_becominghttp://www.democracynow.org/2014/9/3/steven _sotloff_beheaded_by_isis_becoming Ekins, E. (2014). Poll: 66% favor airstrikes against ISIS, but 52% oppose U.S. sending ground troops. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://reason.com/poll/2014/10/10/poll-66-favor-airstrikes-against-isis-bu http://reason.com/poll/2014/10/10/poll-66-favor-airstrikes-against-isis-bu Encyclopedia of World Biography. (2015). Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Retrieved from, http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-A-Bu-and-Obituaries/Ibn-Abdhttp://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-A-Bu-and-Obituaries/Ibn-Abd -al-Wahhab-Muhammad.html Finer, J., & Knickmeyer, E. (2006). Insurgent leader Al-Zarqawi killed in Iraq. Washington Post Foreign Service. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08 /AR2006060800114.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08 /AR2006060800114.html Giovanni, J.D. (2014). Who is ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi? Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2014/12/19/who-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-290081.html http://www.newsweek.com/2014/12/19/who-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-290081.html References

13. Habermas, J. (2001). Philosophy in a time of terror. Retrieved from http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html Hoffman, B. (2002). Rethinking terrorism and counterterrorism since 9/11. Retrieved from http://jeffreyfields.net/pols/Rethinking%20terrorism.pdf Johnson, R. (2013). Forensic psychological mindset of a terrorist: More questions than answers for public safety threat risk assessments. Article in Security Journal Macmillan Publishers. The Khorasan Group Should Scare Us. (2014, September 25). Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-khorasan-group-should-scare-us Knox, E. G. (2014). The slippery slope of material support prosecutions: Social media support to terrorists. Hastings Law Journal, 66, 101-134. Masi, A. (2014). What is Khorasan? Syrian Jihadist Group as Dangerous as ISIS. International Business Times. Retrieved from, http://www.ibtimes.com/what-khorasan-syrian-jihadist-group-dangerous-isis-1692925http://www.ibtimes.com/what-khorasan-syrian-jihadist-group-dangerous-isis-1692925 Murray, M. (2014). Poll: Americans feel unsafe, support action against ISIS. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/poll-americans-support-action-against-isis http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/poll-americans-support-action-against-isis Muslim, Buddhist and government perspective of ISIS in Iraq. (2014). Retrieved January 11, 2015, from https://bootheglobalperspectives.com/article/1408542245WBG487492234/muslim-buddhist-and-government- perspective-of-isis-in-iraq https://bootheglobalperspectives.com/article/1408542245WBG487492234/muslim-buddhist-and-government- perspective-of-isis-in-iraq National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: Annex of Statistical Information. (2012). Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2012/210017.htm References

14. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism: Annex of Statistical Information. (2013). Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2013/224831.htm http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2013/224831.htm Pew Research: Religion & Public Life Project. (2009). Mapping the global Muslim population. Retrieved from, http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Phillips, J. (2014). The rise of Al-Qaeda's Khorasan Group: What It means for U.S. National Security. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/10/the-rise-of-al-qaedas-khorasan-group-what-it-means-for-us-national-security Postel, D. (2014). The war on ISIS: Views from Syrian activists and intellectuals. Dissent Magazine. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/war-isis-views-from-syrian-activists-and-intellectuals http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/war-isis-views-from-syrian-activists-and-intellectuals Prashad, V. (2014). ISIS born from occupation of Iraq, not Syrian Civil War. Retrieved from, http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12003 Rodger, J. (2014). What is ISIS? All you need to know about Islamic State. Coventry Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-isis-you-need-know-7908812 Shats, H. J. (2014). How ISIS funds its reign of terror: Plain and Simple, it’s a criminal gang. New York Daily News. Retrieved from, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/isis-funds-reign-terror-article-1.1931954 Stanford University. (2015). Jabhat al-Nusra. Mapping Militant Organizations. Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/493 http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/493 Stevens, M. J. (2005). What is terrorism and can psychology do anything to prevent it? Behavioral Sciences and Law, 23, 507-526. Terrorism and Modernity. (2009). Global perspectives on nineteenth-century political violence. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bulletin/bu044/bu44_104.pdf http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bulletin/bu044/bu44_104.pdf Thompson, M. (2014, September 14). Putting the ISIS threat in perspective. Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://time.com/3373928/isis- threat-hagel-kerry-syria-iraq/ Yan, H. (2014). What’s the difference between ISIS, al-Nusra and the Khorasan Group? Retrieved from, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/24/world/meast/isis-al-nusra-khorasan-difference/ References