1. RSD 810 Elements of Color and Shade Matching Techniques: A Tutorial Rodriguez DMD Referenced: A Contemporary Guide to Color and Shade by American College of Prosthodontics Loma Linda University And Vita Vident

2. daylight Each wavelength changes direction by a different amount, separating them to create the visible light spectrum. Daylight is bent when it passes through a crystal prism. Sir Isaac Newton in 1666 Snell’s Law Angle of incidence Refraction 1621

3. Light reflected transmitted absorbed Object Observer Color Perception: The color of an object is determined by the light that is reflected from the object and then enters the eye. light source object visual system The color that is perceived is the result of a light source, an object that absorbs, transmits, reflects, or scatters the light from this source, and the interpretation of the result by the visual system.

4. Rods-photoreceptors for value Cones-photoreceptors for hue and chroma

5. Rods and cones contain photopigments that are chemically transformed when light of an appropriate wavelength is absorbed. The rods function at lower light levels than cones. There are three classes of cones that respond to different wavelengths of light. The fact that any color can be matched by mixing the three primary colors of light is a result of the three different types of cones.

6. The visible light spectrum ranges from approximately 400-700 nm UV X-ray Gamma Cosmic Infrared Microwave TV Radio Electrical Increasing wavelength Decreasing energy 400 700

9. Humans have four types of receptors: three cones and one rod 440 nm545 nm 565 nm

10. Defective color vision is a hereditary, recessive disorder, occurring due to an abnormality on the X chromosome. Women are the carriers and it is men who mainly inherit the deficiency. The defective color vision in the general public is about 10 % in men and 0.3 % in women. This defect may be more pronounced in one eye than the other. Fundamentals of Color Shade Matching and Communication in Esthetic Dentistry by Stephen Chu et al

11. Primary (pigment) Colors: RED YELLOW BLUE Secondary (pigment) Colors: ORANGE PURPLE GREEN Primary (pigment) Colors: RED YELLOW BLUE

12. ROYGBIVROYGBIV B1 A1 A2 D2 B2 C1 C2 D3 D4 A3 B3 A3.5 B4 C3 A4 C4 VALUE: (lightness/darkness) Vita shades in order of decreasing value: HUE: (family) Vita A, B, C, D CHROMA: (intensity) Vita A1,A2, A3,A3.5,A4, etc.

13. What “color” are these teeth? What hue chroma and value are reflected from it and perceived by our eyes? What is the affect of the quality of the light being shone upon it? What is the affect of the surrounding gingival curtain?

14. The chroma that surrounds the object has an effect on the appearance of the object

15. Decreasing contrast makes teeth appear less vibrant

16. METAMERIS M Color-corrected Fluorescent Incandescent The phenomenon of two objects appearing to match in color under one condition but showing apparent differences under another. In dental terms, this occurs when (a restoration) is matched to the natural dentition under incandescent light, but, when viewed under color-corrected or fluorescent light appears not to match. Fundamentals of Color by Chu

17. The Classical Vita Shade Guide: ordered by increasing chroma Reddish Brown Reddish Yellow Gray Reddish Gray The Hues are described as: A-reddish brown B-reddish yellow C-gray D-reddish gray

18. B1 A1 A2 D2 B2 C1 C2 D3 D4 A3 B3 A3.5 B4 C3 A4 C4 VALUE: (lightness/darkness) Vita shades in order of decreasing value: One method of shade selection utilizes VALUE as its first determinant

19. 1) Shade guide is run from left to right to determine the proper value, disregarding the hue and chroma

20. 2) Value is decided upon, but not yet hue or chroma. C1 is too dark. B2 is too light or high in value. 3)Value is determined to be closest to A2 and D2, WHICH ONE IS BEST ? NOW DETERMINE WHICH HUE OR CHROMA IS BEST-A(reddish brown) or D(reddish gray)? C1 B2 D2 A2 It may be helpful to squint the eyes. Shade chips should be in the same visual plane as the teeth and held below to avoid partial defective color vision affect

21. 4)D2 is chosen as the best match. Tab and teeth are both moistened in order to confirm match

22. 1) Use the most chromatic or highly saturated shades to begin matching when natural teeth have moderate to high levels of intensity of color (chroma) If teeth have less intense shade, use less intense chromas (A,B,C,D, 2 instead of 4) OR A Second Method for matching shade utilizes saturation or Chroma as a first determinant.

23. B2 or D2 seem closest Verify D hue

24. Verify according to value by using second shade guide ordered by value B2 D2 A2 Double check value by comparing the flanking chips D2 verified

25. Each composite system has it’s own method for creating color schemes. This color wheel by 3M ESPE allows for exact tooth match with multiple options for layering “formulas”.

26. Many shades (hues, values, chromas) Many translucencies Compules or Syringes 3M’s Filtek Supreme Ultra

27. The Optical Triad: Fluorescence, Opalescence, Translucency Yet another esthetic consideration which affects the perception of tooth color is fluorescence. This phenomenon occurs when UV light interacts with the cells of the dentinal layer which emit reflected light. Opalescence is the ability of a translucent material to appear blue in reflected light and red- orange in transmitted light. In teeth, opalescence is based on translucency. Under direct illumination the shorter (blue) wavelengths are reflected by the enamel, while the longer (red) wavelengths are absorbed. Both opalescence and fluorescence are responsible for the intrinsic brilliance of natural teeth. Depth of vitality is conveyed through translucency. Fundamentals of Color by Chu

28. TRANSLUCENCY: 3M Filtek Ultra Supreme: 3M Filtek Ultra Supreme: * Dentin (very opaque) * Dentin (very opaque) *Body (opaque) *Body (opaque) *Enamel (translucent) *Enamel (translucent) *Transparent (transparent) *Transparent (transparent)

29. Translucency adds an element of natural beauty

30. Direct bonding is a conservative means of providing esthetic restoration of teeth. Chairside control of color and morphology can result in a very successful result. The clinician should strive to understand the capabilities of the resin material being utilized for layering. The only limitations can be your skill level and ability to “see”.

31. 16 photoreceptor types FUN FACT

32. Hydroxyapatite covered appendages pack a punch with the acceleration of a.22 caliber handgun. The Peacock Mantis Shrimp FUN FACT