1. Microbiology: A Systems Approach Chapter 20 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems PowerPoint to accompany Cowan/Talaro Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 Chapter 20 Topics -Defenses - Diseases

3. 3 Defenses Cardiovasucular system Lymphatic system Protection

4. 4 Cardiovascular system Blood vessels –Arteries, capillaries, and veins Heart –Atria and ventricles –Casing and wall are prone to infection Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products

5. 5 The heart pumps blood to and from all regions of the body. Fig. 20.1 The heart

6. 6 Lymphatic system Lymph vessels –Parallel the blood vessels Lymph nodes –Collects and filters impurities and infectious agents –Returns fluids to the cardiovascular system Major source of immune cells and fluids

7. 7 The cardiovascular system covers most the body, as does the lymphatic system. Fig. 20.2 The anatomy of the cardiovascular system.

8. 8 Protection Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems –Leukocytes (white blood cells) –Normal flora

9. 9 Leukocytes Granulocytes –Basophils –Eosinophils –Neutraphils Agranulocytes –Lymphatics T cells B cells –Monocytes Macrophages

10. 10 Normal flora Absent Closed system Transiently present

11. 11 Diseases Types –Cardiovascular –Lymphatic

12. 12 Types Endocarditis Septicemia Plague Tularemia Infectious mononucleosis Lyme disease

13. 13 Types continued Hemorrhagic fever Nonhemorrhagic fever Malaria Anthrax HIV Leukemia

14. 14 Endocarditis Bacterial infection Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) Patients with prosthetic valves are at risk Acute – large blood stream challenge Subacute – damage to heart valves

15. 15 Features of endocarditis. Checkpoint 20.1 Endocarditis

16. 16 Septicemia Bacterial infection Fungal infection Organisms actively multiply in the blood (septic)

17. 17 Features of septicemia. Checkpoint 20.2 Septicemia

18. 18 Plague Bacterial infection Pneumonic –Respiratory Bubonic –Enters lymph Septicemic plague can result from pneumonic and bubonic plague

19. 19 Bubonic plague can cause inflammation of the nodes called bubo. Fig. 20.3 A classic inguinal bubo of bubonic plague.

20. 20 Yersinia pestis has a unique “safety pin” appearance, and is the causative agent of plague. Fig. 20.4 Yersinia pestis

21. 21 The infection cycle of the bacterium Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. Fig. 20.5 The infection cycle of Yersinia pestis.

22. 22 Features of plague. Checkpoint 20.3 Plague

23. 23 Tularemia Bacterial infection Zoonotic Affects lymph nodes and lungs Intracellular infection –macrophages

24. 24 Features of tularemia. Checkpoint 20.4 Tularemia

25. 25 Infectious mononucleosis Mostly a viral infection –Epstein-Barr virus –Cytomegalovirus Bacterial infection Viral latency Infects B and T cells

26. 26 Lymphocytes in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems can be infected by the Epstein-Barr virus. Fig. 20.6 Evidence of Epstein-Barr infection in the blood Smear of a patient with infectious mononucleosis.

27. 27 Features of infectious mononucleosis. Checkpoint 20.5 Infectious Mononucleosis.

28. 28 Lyme disease Bacterial infection Erythema migrans (bull’s eye lesion) Second stage of infection affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems

29. 29 The characteristic bull’s eye lesion associated with Lyme disease. Fig. 20.7 Lesions of Lyme disease on the lower leg.

30. 30 Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is morphologically different from other pathogenic spirochetes. Fig. 20.8 Spirochetes

31. 31 In the Northeast, the cycle of Lyme disease is a complex 2 –year cycle that involves two principle hosts. Fig. 20.9 The cycle of Lyme disease in the northeastern U.S.

32. 32 Features of Lyme disease. Checkpoint 20.6 Lyme Disease

33. 33 Hemorrhagic fever Viral infection –Yellow fever –Dengue fever –Ebola and Marburg –Lassa fever Capillary fragility Disrupts blood clotting system

34. 34 Features of hemorrhagic fever. Checkpoint 20.7 Hemorrhagic fevers

35. 35 Nonhemorrhagic fever Bacterial infection –Brucellosis –Q fever –Cat-scratch disease –Trench fever –Ehrlichioses –Rocky Mountain Spotted fever Infects phagocytic cells

36. 36 A classic symptom of brucellosis is the undulating fever or fluctuating body temperature. Fig.20.10 The temperature cycle in classic brucellosis.

37. 37 Endosporulation of Coxiella burnetii contributes toward the transmission and development of Q fever. Fig. 20.11 The agent of Q fever.

38. 38 A primary nodule due to cat-scratch disease can form, which further lead to pus formation and lymph node swelling. Fig. 20.12 Cat-scratch disease

39. 39 Rocky Mountain spotted fever occurs throughout the U.S., and the number of cases the past few years have been increasing. Fig. 20.13 Trends in infection for Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

40. 40 An example of late generalized rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Fig. 20.14 Late generalized rash of Rocky Mountain Spotted fever.

41. 41 Features of nonhemorrhagic fever diseases. Checkpoint 20.8 Nonhemorrhagic fever diseases.

42. 42 Malaria Protozoan infection –Falciparum malaria- most common virulent type –Cerebral malaria-obstruction of small blood vessels in the brain Rupturing of red blood cells Relapses can occur

43. 43 Development of malaria consist of an asexual phase (carried out in the human) and a sexual phase (carried out in the mosquito). Fig. 20.15 The life and transmission of Plasmodium

44. 44 Initial infection of rbc by Plasmodium is marked by a ring trophozoite. Fig. 20.16 The ring trophozoite stage in a Plasmodium

45. 45 Prevention efforts for malaria involve the use of bed nets to prevent mosquito infestation. Fig. 20.17 A public demonstration of impregnating Bed nets with insecticide.

46. 46 Features of malaria. Checkpoint 20.9 Malaria

47. 47 Anthrax Bacterial infection Zoonotic Skin, lungs and CNS can be infected Tripartite Toxin (three proteins) –Edema factor –Protective antigen –Lethal factor

48. 48 Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, has a unique endospore and a streptobacillus cell arrangement. Fig. 20.18 Bacillus anthracis

49. 49 Features of anthrax. Checkpoint 20.10 Anthrax

50. 50 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Viral infection Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Infects helper T cells (CD4 receptor) Latency Therapy

51. 51 There are four main stages of an HIV infection. Fig. 20.19 Dynamics of virus antigen, antibody, and T cells In circulation.

52. 52 AIDS is a cluster of symptoms associated with the initial infection of HIV. Table 20.A AIDS-defining illnesses

53. 53 HIV have specific glycoprotein receptors that bind to CD4 receptors of T cells. Fig. 20.20 The general structure of HIV.

54. 54 HIV infects, undergoes latency, and eventually replicates and lyses the host T cell. Fig. 20.21 The general multiplication cycle of HIV.

55. 55 Primary sources and possible routes of infection by HIV. Fig. 20.22 Primary sources and suggested routes of Infection by HIV.

56. 56 HIV/AIDS is a serious infectious disease that is prevalent throughout the world. Table 20.1 Regional HIV/AIDS statistics and features

57. 57 New HIV infections based on gender, risk group, and race. Fig. 20.23 New HIV infections each year in the U.S.

58. 58 Nucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors are effective therapies used to treat HIV infections. Fig. 20.24 Mechanisms of action of anti-HIV drugs.

59. 59 Features of HIV infections and AIDS. Checkpoint 20.11 HIV infections and AIDS

60. 60 Leukemia Virus infection –T-cell –Hairy-cell Anemia Platelet deficiency Complications - tumors

61. 61 Features of Adult T-cell leukemia and Hairy-cell leukemia. Checkpoint 20.12 Adult T-cell leukemia and hairy cell Leukemia.

62. 62 Summary of the diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Taxonomic organization of microorganisms

63. 63 Fig. 20.p648 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems.