1. Nursing Informatics MNS 5103 MASTER OF NURSING SCIENCE (MNS)

2. Computer Use in Nursing Research

3. Objectives: 1. General data and computer applications for proposal development and projects, qualitative and quantitative 2. General categories of research with computers in clinical use and informatics 3. A range of computer-based applications for the research process: Data collection Data management and coding Data analysis Results reporting 4. Compare computer software application for qualitative and quantitative research 5. Looking forward to research in the next decade

4. Computer Use in Nursing Research Proposal development, preparation, and implementation All research begins with a good idea Good clinical ideas often come from personal experiences based on personal knowledge

5. Computer Use in Nursing Research Quantitative: Fully develop each aspect of the research project before collecting any data Qualitative: The researcher allows the data collected to determine the research steps for the analysis

6. Computer Use in Nursing Research Microsoft Office products currently are used by about 80% of users (Office 2007) Current version is Office 2010 These tools allow for the creation of proposals and reports that can include: Text Graphics Charts Tables

7. Computer Use in Nursing Research Research applications and calls for proposals are often downloadable from the Internet. These are sometimes in an editable pdf format allowing users to enter information from the computer and then save to your computer or submit it online. AVOID PLAGERISM!

8. Computer Use in Nursing Research MS OFFICE includes programs that manage data (Access) and number crunching (Excel). There are other database programs available including FileMaker, and open source programs such as OpenOffice. OpenOffice also includes applications for spreadsheets, graphics and document creating.

9. Computer Use in Nursing Research Deciding on what your research project will look like will help decide the type of applications that you will need to use. There are even project management applications, such as MS Project, that can help you manage your project to keep it on schedule and within budget.

10. The Quantitative Approach Data Capture and Data Collection Patient monitoring Patient care documentation Interview data Patient conditions and symptoms

11. The Quantitative Approach Paper and Pencil Questionnaires Normally by paper and pencil, but can be administered on a computer document or on the Internet The use of small notebook computers and tablets has made using computers very easy and portable.

12. The Quantitative Approach There are a number of online tools that present questionnaires for entering information on the Internet: Survey Monkey Google Forms E-Surveys SNAP Surveys

13. The Quantitative Approach Physiologic Data Heart rhythm Heart rate Blood pressure Etc....

14. The Quantitative Approach Data Coding In quantitative studies, the information is collected and gathered in numerical form, and entered into designated fields in the process of coding. Other tools available to the coders or data gathers include statistical programs and spreadsheets.

15. The Quantitative Approach Data Coding Coding data is a precise operation that needs careful consideration. Coding data is a combination of cognitive decisions and human clerical actions, both of which can lead to errors.

16. The Quantitative Approach Data Analysis There are many ways to apply statistical analysis to the collected data depending on the goal of the research. Two common applications are: SPSS SAS STATA The selected program will depend on the user’s personal preference and program features.

17. The Quantitative Approach Data Analysis - Hypothesis Testing or Confirmatory Analyses What-if a hypothesis were true? Using statistical software and probability analysis Meta-Analysis A method of searching many completed studies that meet certain, common criteria.

18. The Quantitative Approach Graphical Data Analysis Data can be presented with: Charts Graphs Tables Pictures Maps

19. The Quantitative Approach GIS Maps

20. The Qualitative Approach Data Capture and Data Collection The type of data differ from Quantitative data, mainly in the: Sources of data: Collecting methods Coding Analysis Interpretations

21. The Qualitative Approach Data Capture and Data Collection The forms of data are usually the words, expressions, voice tones and written documents of the respondents rather than numbers.

22. The Qualitative Approach Computer Programs Typically word processing programs: Allow for searching on words, cut and pasting text, adding photos, etc. Standard database management programs and spreadsheets: Used to help categorize and sort information.

23. The Qualitative Approach With a qualitative study, it is sometimes difficult to know when to stop or when you have finished. The data gathered is usually iterative, and a particular response might trigger a totally different and unexpected path.

24. Now What to do with the Data? Traditional presenting of reports and studies still happen with: Presentations at professional meetings Publications in journals..online reporting is becoming increasingly popular.

25. Web Searches - Examples 1. Ask: What health problems are associated with water pollution? 2. Need: scholarly primary research 3. Main Concepts: health, water, pollution 4. Select terms: Broader terms: ‘health’, environmental degradation’, ‘agricultural management’, Syyms: health, illness, disease, etc. water, rivers, lakes, sea, domestic water, etc. pollution, ‘oil spills’, chemical, biological, toxicity, etc Alternative spellings: none Plurals: river(s), lake(s), disease(s) Capitals: e.g. name of a specific lake, disease, region

26. Keyword vs Subject Search

27. Search Construction

28. Boolean (Search) Operators Connect terms and locate records containing matching terms Inserted in a search box – AND, OR, NOT Must be in UPPERCASE when used AND, NOT operators are processed in a left- to right sequence. These are processed first before the OR operators OR operators are also processed from left- to-right

29. AND Operator (to combine two concepts) the AND operator is used to combine two concepts e.g. hip AND fracture – in the shaded area

30. AND Operator (to combine three concepts) the AND operator is used to combine three concepts e.g. hip AND fracture AND elderly – in the shaded area

31. OR Operator (info containing one or other term) renal OR kidney – in the shaded area with the overlap in the middle having both search terms

32. NOT Operator (in one term or the other) pig NOT guinea – in the shaded area; eliminates items in 2nd term (guinea) or both terms

33. Other Search Engine Functions Phrase or proximity searching: “…” or (…) – allows you to search for an exact phrase “information literacy” prevention and (malaria parasite) Truncation/wildcards: * or $ – allow you to search alternative spellings child* for child OR childs OR children parasite* for parasite OR parasites Alternate spellings: ? – can be used to substitute for characters anywhere in a word wom ? n would search for “woman” and “women”

34. Africa AND (HIV OR tuberculosis) HIV tuberculosis Africa Africa AND (HIV or tuberculosis) – in the shaded area The (OR) operator retains items in each term and the AND operator is used to combine two concepts

35. More Search Techniques Field Specific Searching – author, title, journal, date, url, etc. Language Restrictions, Humans or Animals, Gender and other limits Relevancy Ranking – a grading that gives extra weight to a document when the search terms appear in the headline or are capitalized – every found document is calculated as 100% multiply by the angle formed by weights vector for request and weights vector for document found

36. Evaluating Web Information Criteria for Evaluation - Accuracy - Authority - Currency - Coverage - Objectivity Criteria for evaluating Health Information http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/evaluati nghealthinformation.html

37. Additional Resources A User's Guide to Finding and Evaluating Health Information on the Web Medical Library Association, USA http://www.mlanet.org/resources/userguide.html Evaluating Internet Health Information: a Tutorial National Library of Medicine, USA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/webeval/webeval.html How to evaluate Health Information on the Internet National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/How_To_Ev alu ate_Health_Information_on_the_Internet_Questions _and_Answers.aspx

38. Google Search: Dengue Fever

39. The Google search engine This is the Google search engine. Type your query into the Google Search box and click on the search button. We have typed HINARI into the search box. Google’s URL is www.google.com

40. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. You can search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Note the Advanced Scholar Search option.

41. HINARI INARI HINARI1` In Google Scholar, the HINARI results are either an article about the program or one with HINARI being the author’s name.