1. U.S. History II Chapter 19 Sec. 2 “The Cold War Heats Up”

3. The Marshall Plan - in an effort to avoid the mistakes made after WWI, the U.S. was committed to helping restore the war-torn nations so that they might create stable democracies and achieve economic recovery - after WWII, Europe was in ruins; these conditions led to two fundamental shifts in American foreign policy…the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, which was a program of economic assistance for Western Europe - put forth by Secretary of State George Marshall, the Plan was a response to American concerns that Communist parties were growing stronger across Europe and the Soviet Union might intervene - the Soviet Union was invited to participate, but declined and pressured the satellite nations to do the same - from 1947 to 1951, the U.S. allocated $13 billion in grants and loans to western Europe, restoring the region’s economies and developing strong trade partnerships

4. The Berlin Airlift - in 1948, the Allies announced their plan to make the zones they controlled into a single unit which would become the new nation the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, including West Berlin - the Soviets responded by forming the communist German Democratic Republic, or East Germany - West Berlin was located within East Germany and was becoming an escape rout out of the communist dominated eastern Europe - Stalin decided to close the escape route by attempting to get the Western powers to abandon West Berlin by blocking access and cutting off the 2.5 million residents from needed supplies -Rather than risk a war, Truman decided to fly supplies into Berlin, during the 15 month blockade, British and American military aircraft made more than 200,000 flights to deliver food, fuel, and other supplies - the Soviets finally gave up in May 1949

5. - because of the veto power possessed by the Soviet Union on the UN Security Council, the organization was prevented from effectively dealing with a number of postwar problems - in April of 1949, Canada, the U.S., Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal joined together to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which was a mutual defense organization

6. The Warsaw Pact - the Soviets responded to NATO by creating the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe

7. The Soviet Atomic Threat -Truman responded to the Soviet atomic threat by authorizing the development of more powerful atomic weapons and the formation of the Federal Civil Defense Administration - In August of 1949, the Soviets successfully tested an atomic bomb

8. The Loss of China General Chiang Kai-shek Chairman Mao Zedong NationalistCommunist - in China, the battle between the Nationalists and the Communists had been going on since the 1920s, with the U.S. supporting Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists against Mao Zedong and the Communists

9. - the Communist forces took over in 1949 then Mao proclaimed the creation of the People’s Republic of China, while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan and proclaimed the Republic of China as the legitimate government - the loss of China to the Communists was a negative mark on the Truman Administration

10. The Cold War at Home - during the presidencies of Truman and Eisenhower, concern about the growth of world communism raised fears of a conspiracy to overthrow the government - a second “red scare” swept the nation and launch anti-communist crusades

11. The Loyalty Program J. Edgar Hoover -The exposure of a number of wartime spy rings in 1946, led to an increased anxiety in many Americans -When Republicans made big gains in the 1946 elections, Truman decided to create the Federal Employee Loyalty Program -under this program, all new government employees were to be investigated and the FBI checked the backgrounds of all current employees - those accused of disloyalty were brought before the Loyalty Review Board - led to a climate of suspicion

12. House Un-American Activities Committee - a second “red scare” swept the nation and launch anti-communist crusades - loyalty programs and investigations sought out suspected communists working for the government and the House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist infiltration of government agencies and the Hollywood movie industry

13. The Hollywood Ten -During the HUAC hearings to investigate communist influence in the movie industry, ten individuals refused to answer any questions, invoking the Constitutional rights -They were cited for contempt and sentenced from 6 months to a year - Hollywood executives feared the HUAC and began creating blacklists, a list circulated among employers of individuals not to be hired

14. The McCarran-Walter Act -Democratic Senator Pat McCarran led the Senate hunt for Communists in the movie industry, labor unions, and the State Department, but was convinced the most disloyal Americans were coming from Communist-dominated parts of the world - Congress passed, over Truman’s veto, the McCarran-Walter Act (1952), which reaffirmed the quota system from 1924 and discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe

15. Spy Cases Inflame the Nation -Alger Hiss, a former high-ranking State Department employee was accused of being a Communist in the 1930s and a spy by Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers, who was a former Communist - Hiss denied the charges, but after two trials he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison for four years

16. Klaus Fuchs -The German-born physicist had worked on the Manhattan Project and confessed to providing atomic secrets to the Soviets -Was tried and convicted and sentenced to 14 years in prison - Upon his release in 1949, he went to East Germany where he became the deputy director of the Central Institute for Nuclear Research

17. http:// Julius and Ethel Rosenberg -Communist, married couple accused of providing atomic secrets to the Soviets during WWII -They were convicted of espionage and executed in 1953 - The Rosenberg case intensified the belief that the Soviets posed a real threat to national security

18. The McCarthy Era -Joseph McCarthy was an undistinguished Wisconsin senator who needed an issue to win reelection -Building on fears of communism, he began making groundless accusations and charges as part of a campaign that became known as McCarthyism - As his power increased, so did the status of his targets (Sec. of State George Marshall) -In 1954, the televised Army- McCarthy Hearings started and would prove to be the senators downfall -The American people were horrified by McCarthy’s bullying tactics and baseless allegations - Although he remained in the Senate, he lost his power

19. 1. John Marshall http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/images/wholemap.jpg 2. Berlin Airlift Map http://www.cnn.com/US/9805/11/berlin.airlift/airlift.map.lg.jpg 3. Berlin Airlift image http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/berlin2.jpg 4. NATO Map http://www.mapsofworld.com/images/maps-of-world-nato-member-countries.gif 5. Warsaw Pact Map http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/e/e0/300px-Map_of_Warsaw_Pact_countries.png 6. Soviet Nuclear test http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/images/Joe1SovietTest.jpg 7. U.S. Hydrogen bomb test http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/images/0910-03.jpg 8. Chinese flag http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/images/country/headings/flags/china_flag_large.bmp 9. Mao image http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/mao-zedong-2.jpg 10.Chiang Kai-shek image http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78738&rendTypeId=4 11. Truman image http://www.visitingdc.com/images/harry-truman-picture.jpg 12. China map http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/east/03/16/china.taiwan.01/china.beijing.taiwan.taipei.gif 13.Red Scare cartoon http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/childs1/OutlineSecond%20Red%20Scare_files/image004.jpg 14.Truman image http://www.ons.uconn.edu/images/truman.jpg 15.President Eisenhower http://www.ambassadorprograms.org/50years/history/images/eisenhower.jpg 16.J.Edgar Hoover image http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=10942&rendTypeId=4

20. 17.HUAC committee http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/7/7c/300px-Huac.jpg 18.Hollywood Ten image http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/19471212_Nine_of_Hollywood_Ten_Posing.jpg19http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/19471212_Nine_of_Hollywood_Ten_Posing.jpg19. 19.Joseph McCarthy http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_23/70b.jpg 20.McCarthy cartoon http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmacarthy2.jpg 21. Pat McCarran image http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics2/80333.jpg 22. Alger Hiss image http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/19480800_Alger_Hiss_Takes_Oath.jpg 23. Whitaker Chambers http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78660&rendTypeId=4 24. Klaus Fuchs image http://www.atomicarchive.com/Images/bio/B54.jpg 25. Rosenberg image http://upload.wikimedia.oredia/commons/thumb/6/68/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg_NYWTS.jpg/659px- Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg_NYWTS.jpg