1. Elizabeth Blackwell to YOU- Medical Education and Women Maureen Novak, MD Woman Pediatrician Medical Educator Professor, Associate Dean for Medical Education University of Florida College of Medicine

2.  Born 1821 First woman to receive a medical degree in the US A true pioneer in medical education

3.  Medical Education  Large system  Rapid changes  Unsure outcome  Women influence? Pearls www.aamc.org/members/gwims/statistics/ 20 th century: # of women entering medical school led to premature conclusion of gender equity

4.  Allopathic dominance  Male dominance  Sooo what did women bring to academic medicine  Tied closely to medicine as it is practiced today  Let’s learn some history…. History

5.  Prior to 20 th century  Medical Education was varied  Quality-some good, many bad!  For profit—this may be coming back!  Nonstandardized curricula and education goals  Women—not many  1910  Flexner Report  Johns Hopkins was the model school  Implementation of 2 years basic science and then 2 years clinical medicine  Women should be included in education of physicians Historical presence? Not at first

6.  Many schools for women open across the Northeast  1863  Medical education of women NYC  Elizabeth Blackwell Wanted to start a women’s school Last half of 19 th century

7.  By 1870  525 trained American women doctors  More than the rest of countries combined.  137 women were in regular medical schools-most in women’s schools.  Dr Elizabeth Blackwell fought hard:  soon after her graduation from Geneva Medical College, no more women allowed.  Her goal was to improve medical education for women.

8.  Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania 1850  Woman’s Hospital of Philadelphia 1861  And then a hospital for clinical experiences  Ann Preston M.D. first graduation class and then the first woman dean of a US medical School  New England Hospital for Women and Children 1862 So if we couldn’t join them---

9.  Midwife education practical  European model Lectures: yes, but no experience

10. Just like now: assessment leads curriculum

11. Small group teaching!

12. Apply knowledge at the bedside

13. Professionalism

14. And of course: philanthropy!

15. Letters of recommendation

16. Women’s College of Pennsylvania

17. Why did medical education change this way?  Dr. Blackwell’s goals  Women and children to be treated by women physicians  Clinical instruction for women medical students  Train nurses under female supervision  Need decreased for women's medical schools with coeducation

18.  Every adult has the tight to instruction  Gender has nothing to do with this right  Women are doing this already!  Women are going to inferior schools and other countries to gain what could be gotten in Boston

19.  Social and economic cost of illness  Public health policy  Access to care  Research for medical conditions effecting women and children  Diversity of the physician work force  Not just gender Medical Education: effect of a female presence

21.  OSCE anyone?  Dr Paula Stillman a pediatric faculty member at University of Arizona  NBME  Computer based testing  Self assessment and more in standardized testing  First woman president and CEO of NBME: Dr Edith Levit Academic Medicine Examples that resonate with you!

22.  Humanities  The role of literature in medicine  Reflection to improve empathy and the doctor-patient relationship  Dr Rita Charon at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons  History and Physical Exam  THE STANDARD TEXT: Bates Guide to the Physical Examination and History Taking  Aside—based on Roger Tory Peterson’s ornithology guides!  Dr Barbara Bates University of Rochester More revolutionary ideas in medical education

23.  Interprofessional care  Improving access to care  Dr Bates, again, worked to develop the nurse-practioner Sustained ideas from Women Medical educators

24. Research  Constant presence  Florence Sabin, MD  Discovery of the origin and processes of the lymphatic system and on work on tuberculosis  First woman full professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1917  First woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences,1925  Virginia Apgar, MD  Developed a standardized system to evaluate newborns  First woman full professor at College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, 1949

25. Clinical Firsts in Academic Medicine  Mary Ellen Avery MD  First woman Physician-in-Chief at The Children’s Hospital, Boston, from 1974-1985.  Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School 1974  1959 discovery of the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants: the lack of surfactant  Nancy Dickey MD  First woman president of the AMA (1997-98)  First woman president of Texans A&M Health Science Center  Family Medicine

26.  First woman Dean: Ann Preston, MD  In first class of Female Medical College of Pennsylvania  Founding Deans:  Deborah German, MD  University of Central Florida  Cynda Ann Johnson, MD  Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine Academic Medicine Administration: Trailblazers

27.  Increase representation of women in academic medicine  Improve health care for all  Research  Clinical care  Administration GOAL

32.  LEADERSHIP  Professional development  Educational  Clinical  Research  Administration  Coaching and mentoring  Understanding Unconscious BIAS  For search committees  For P and T committees Where to go from here?

33.  Regular feedback on performance  Clarification of promotion requirements  Well defined roles and linkages to the medical school’s mission  Culture that cultivates diversity  Regardless of gender, race and sexual orientation  Environment for retention!  Increased opportunities for advancement  Understand and compare your institution! How?

34.  NETWORK with other women  Mentor other women  Find a mentor  Include men in the conversation  Resources  AMWA!!!  AAMC early and mid career professional development seminars  Drexel University’s Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine program (ELAM) Be involved! Academic Medicine is key to our success as WOMEN in medicine

35.  http://www.sph.bu.edu/insider/images/stories/resourc es/Literature/Bickel_Increasing%20women's%20leader ship%20in%20academic%20medicine.pdf http://www.sph.bu.edu/insider/images/stories/resourc es/Literature/Bickel_Increasing%20women's%20leader ship%20in%20academic%20medicine.pdf  www.aamc.org/members/gwims/statistics/ www.aamc.org/members/gwims/statistics/  Harvard University Countway Library of Medicine/Blackwell, Elizabeth 1864  www.nursingclio.org www.nursingclio.org  www.hws.edu/about/blackwell www.hws.edu/about/blackwell  American Journal of Public Health 92:3 363; 2002 References