1. Worlds of European Christendom

2.  To examine European society after the breakup of the Roman Empire  To compare the diverse legacies of Rome in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire  To explore medieval European expansion  To present the backwardness of medieval Europe relative to other civilizations, and the steps by which it caught up

3.  Christianity provides common ground  Christendom was deeply divided  Western Europe emerges as a Third Wave civilization

4.  Chrash Course Christianity Chrash Course Christianity

6.  Constantine I (the Great) 330–37  Justinian I (the Great)527–65  Empire lasts from 330-1553

7.  No clear starting point  Constantine established the Eastern capital at Byzantium ◦ Constantinople  Reasons for Survival ◦ Higher level of civilization ◦ Fewer nomadic invasions ◦ Prosperous commerce ◦ Stronger military

8.  THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVE  IT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME

9.  The imperial goal in the East was to centralize government and impose legal and doctrinal conformity. One God One Empire One Religion

11.  MARRIED TO THEODORA, HIS PARTNER IN RULING  TRIED TO REVIVE A UNIFIED ROMAN EMPIRE  REBUILT CONSTANTINOPLE  ALSO BUILT HAGIA SOPHIA

13.  LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE- COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRE  RECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

14.  Justinian collated and revised Roman law. His Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) had little effect on medieval common law. However, beginning with the Renaissance, it provided the foundation for most European law down to the 19 th century.

15.  Religion as well as law served imperial centralization. In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion of the eastern empire. Now all other religions were considered “demented and insane.”

16.  During Justinian’s reign, the empire’s strength was its more than 1,500 cities. The largest with 350,000 inhabitants, was Constantinople, the cultural crossroads of Asian and European civilizations.

17.  HIS VICTORIES WERE SHORT LIVED- SOON FELL APART  IN 540 A PANDEMIC STRUCK- THE PLAGUE  THIS DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR FOR CENTURIES, DEVASTATING EUROPE

18.  JUSTINIAN AND HIS WIFE SURVIVED, HE WITHDREW TO HIS PALACE  THE DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR IN THE 14 TH CENTURY IN EUROPE

19.  Wealthier  More urbanized  Cosmopolitan  Defensible capital  Shorter frontier to guard  Black Sea and Mediterranean access  Stronger army, navy, merchant marine  Clever diplomacy

20.  MOSTLY TRIED TO HOLD ONTO THE EASTERN PARTS  ISLAM WAS PRESSURING THEM AT EVERY TURN  CONSTANTINOPLE WAS ATTACKED OVER AND OVER

21.  " Not since the world was made was there... so much wealth as was found in Constantinople. For the Greeks say that two- thirds of the wealth of this world is in Constantinople and the other third scattered throughout the world."  --Robert of Clari, a French crusader who witnessed the pillage of the city in 1204, describing Constantinople.

22.  FOR MANY YEARS MUSLIM ARMIES TRIED TO TAKE THE CITY  STRONG DEFENSES ALLOWED THE TO HOLD OUT  THEY ALSO USED TECHNOLOGY- ‘GREEK FIRE’  FROM 700’S TILL 1453 THEY HELD OFF INVADERS

23.  In the seventh century the empire lost Syria, the Holy Land, Egypt, and North Africa to invading Islamic armies.

24.  Why was it called a New Rome?  What was forbidden? Why?

25.  Smaller than Roman  Major force in the Mediterranean  Centralized political authority in Constantinople-How does it rule??? Details  Territory still shrinks-Western European aggression, Crusaders, Turkic Muslims  Finally ends 1453-Turkic Ottoman Empire “Sword of Islam”

26.  in 1204, the Crusaders attacked, conquered, and pillaged the city of Constantinople, a goal that the Muslims had been trying achieve for centuries

27.  VERY ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT- SIMILAR TO CHINA  EMPEROR WAS THE HEAD OF STATE AND OF THE CHURCH  AS IN CHINA- LARGE BUREAUCRACY

28.  CONSTANTINOPLE LINKED ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTHERN EUROPE IN A TRADING NETWORK  LUXURY GOODS SOUGHT MERCHANTS GREW WEALTHY, BUT HAD LITTLE POWER

29.  In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of classical Rome? How did it diverge?

30.  Continued to use many late Roman ideas ◦ roads ◦ taxation ◦ military structure ◦ court system ◦ law codes ◦ Christianity  Attempt to preserve Roman legacy ◦ Called themselves Romans ◦ Forbid German or “barbarian” customs  Could not wear boots, pants, or clothing made of animal skins  Could not have long hair

31.  How did Eastern Orthodox Christians differ from Roman Catholicism?

32.  Byzantine emperors combined political and religious authority ◦ Caesaropapism ◦ Appointed the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church  Orthodox or “right thinking” provided a cultural identity  Empire and the church were essential for achieving salvation

33.  List 5 ways it had an influence on people  What were the theological controversies?  Create a T chart for the two Christian religions.  What role did the Crusades play in destroying the relationship between these two religious views?

34.  BEFORE THIS THERE HAD BEEN ONLY ONE DOMINANT CHRISTIAN CHURCH  AS THE EMPIRE GREW APART SO DID CHRISTIANITY

35.  TWO GROUPS- CATHOLICS AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCH  SEVERAL ISSUES DIVIDED THEM:  THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE IN ROME  DIFFERING RITUALS USED IN WORSHIP SERVICES  THE USE OF RELIGIOUS ICONS

36. Orthodox Christianity  Eastern Europe  Constantinople  Greek  Iconoclasm  Priests could marry  Easter  Caesaropapism Roman Catholic Christianity  Western Europe  Rome  Latin  Support use of icons  Priests must remain celibate  Christmas  Pope They also disagree on: The nature of the Trinity Relative importance of faith and reason

37.  The Iconoclastic Controversy, a movement that denied the holiness of religious images, devastated much of the empire for over a hundred years.  During the eighth and early ninth centuries the use of such images was prohibited, but icons were restored by 843.

38.  The Bible  Sacraments  Church hierarchy of patriarchs (bishops, priests, etc.)  Missionary activity  Intolerant of other religions

39.  CHARLEMAGNE BEING CROWNED “ROMAN EMPEROR”  WHETHER PRIESTS COULD MARRY THEY COULD NOT IN THE WEST, COULD IN THE EAST  FINALLY THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE EASTERN CHURCH-  HE WAS IGNORED IN THE EAST

40.  SOME SAY IT WAS THE REAL END OF THE “ROMAN” EMPIRE  AFTER THIS EACH AREA THEY WOULD MOVE FATHER AND FARTHER APART IN IDEAS AND VALUES  BOTH STILL RECOGNIZED THE OTHER AS FELLOW CHRISTIANS

41.  AFTER THE SPLIT THE EMPIRE WENT INTO A LONG SLIDE  MORE INVASIONS - THE SELJUK TURKS  THIS LED TO THE CALL FOR HELP THAT BECAME THE CRUSADES

42.  THERE WERE MANY, MANY CRUSADES  FIRST WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL  THE GOAL WAS TO LIBERATE THE HOLY LAND

43.  The Byzantines called upon the European states to push back the Muslim conquerors. The European states complied, successfully pushed back the Seljuks, returned territory to the Byzantines, and carved out kingdoms of their own in Syria and Palestine.

44.  THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL  CRUSADERS ARE SUPPOSED TO DEFEND CHRISTIANITY, RETAKE THE HOLY LAND  4 TH CRUSADE STOPS IN CONSTANINOPLE- WRECKS THE CITY, NEVER GETS ANY FARTHER

45.  In 1453, the city was finally and permanently conquered by the Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul. Byzantine culture, law, and administration came to its final end.

46.  Create a web illustrating Byzantium’s interaction with neighbors-page 432

47.  Throughout the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire remained a protective barrier between western Europe and hostile Persian, Arab, and Turkish armies.  The Byzantines were also a major conduit of classical learning and science into the West down to the Renaissance. While western Europeans were fumbling to create a culture of their own, the cities of the Byzantine Empire provided them a model of a civilized society.

48.  Describe Russia before adopting Orthodox Christianity

50.  Grandson of Saint Olga. Christianity had made some progress in Kiev, but Vladimir remained pagan, had seven wives, established temples, and participated in idolatrous rites, possibly involving human sacrifice. Around 987, Byzantine Emperor Basil II (976-1025) sought military aid from Vladimir. The two reached a pact for aid that involved Basil's sister Anne in marriage, and Vladimir becoming a Christian. He was baptized and then ordered the Christian conversion of Kiev and Novgorod. VLADIMIR

52.  THEY COPIED A LOT FROM BYZANTIUM.  THEIR ART FOCUSED ON RELIGIOUS FIGURES, DOMES STRUCTURES ECHOED BYZANTIUM  PEASANTS WERE MOSTLY FREE, UNDER LOCAL CONTROL.  RUSSIAN ARISTOCRATS (BOYARS )HAD SOME POWERS, THE LOCAL PRINCES HAD THE REST- A BALANCE OF POWER

53.  Why was this a fateful choice with long term implications? 433-434?  What were the Three Romes?

54.  “Third Rome”  Decentralized government ◦ Divided into provinces ◦ Constant strife between boyars and princes  Constant threat of nomadic invasion

55.  Political Life in Western Europe  Society and the Church  Accelerating Change in the West  Be prepared to discuss major topics!  The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14 - YouTube The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14 - YouTube