1. Chapters 7 & 8 Test Bond Formation: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Electron Dot Notation Electronegativity Difference & Bond Type (Nonpolar Covalent, Polar Covalent, and Ionic) Chemical Formulas Compounds – components, bonds, properties Ionic Metallic Molecular

2. Forming Ions: cations, anions, e - configuration Intermolecular Forces: dipole, dispersion, H- bonding Interpreting Graphics (independent variable, dependent variable, etc.) Lewis Structures Octet Rule Relationship between Bond Length, Bond Energy/Lattice Energy, Electron Pairs, and Bond Strength Valence Electrons VSEPR Theory

3. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 3 of 28 Bonding Theories This car is being painted by a process called electrostatic spray painting. The negatively charged droplets are attracted to the auto body. You will learn how attractive and repulsive forces influence the shapes of molecules. 8.3

4. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 4 of 28 8.3 Molecular Orbitals How are atomic and molecular orbitals related?

5. Slide 5 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals When two atoms combine, the molecular orbital model assumes that their atomic orbitals overlap to produce molecular orbitals, or orbitals that apply to the entire molecule.

6. Slide 6 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Just as an atomic orbital belongs to a particular atom, a molecular orbital belongs to a molecule as a whole. A molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond is called a bonding orbital.

7. Slide 7 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Sigma Bonds When two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei, a sigma bond is formed.

8. Slide 8 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals A Sigma Bond

9. Slide 9 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals When two fluorine atoms combine, the p orbitals overlap to produce a bonding molecular orbital. The F—F bond is a sigma bond.

10. Slide 10 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Pi Bonds In a pi bond (symbolized by the Greek letter  ), the bonding electrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms.

11. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 11 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Molecular Orbitals Pi-bonding Molecular Orbital

12. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 12 of 28 8.3 VSEPR Theory How does VSEPR theory help predict the shapes of molecules?

13. Slide 13 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The hydrogens in a methane molecule are at the four corners of a geometric solid. All of the H—C—H angles are 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle.

14. Slide 14 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, explains the three- dimensional shape of methane.

15. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 15 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory According to VSEPR theory, the repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.

16. Slide 16 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The measured H—N—H bond angle is only 107°.

17. Slide 17 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The measured bond angle in water is about 105°.

18. Slide 18 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory The carbon dioxide molecule is linear.

19. Slide 19 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 VSEPR Theory Nine Possible Molecular Shapes

20. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Slide 20 of 28 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals In what ways is orbital hybridization useful in describing molecules?

21. Slide 21 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Orbital hybridization provides information about both molecular bonding and molecular shape. In hybridization, several atomic orbitals mix to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals. 8.3

22. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 22 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Single Bonds

23. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 23 of 28 Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Double Bonds

24. Slide 24 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > 8.3 Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Triple Bonds

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