1. The Problems of Urbanization Early 1900s

2. I.Immigrants settle in the cities A. Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities (northeast, midwest) B. Cheap housing and factory jobs attract immigrants to urban areas II.Migration from country to city A. Farm technology decreases need for laborers B. Many African-Americans lose livelihood and move to cities in the north and west to escape racial violence (1890-1910) 1. find discrimination in cities also 2. competition for jobs cause tension

3. III.Living Conditions A. Housing 1. Tenements: Apartment buildings constructed to hold larfe numbers people as cheaply as possible. Characteristics of tenements: a. A step up from being homeless b. Lacked lighting, plumbing, SPACE, and fresh air c. These overcrowded buildings were a “breeding ground for disease”

4. 2.Dumbbell Tenements: a. Offered slight improvement over the original tenements because they had airshafts. b. The airshafts would allow fire, noise and the smell of garbage to spread

5. IV.Working Conditions 1.Characteristics a.It was common to work at least 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, with an average pay of $2 per day b.Speed and volume of production was top priority, often at the expense of safety. 2. Sweatshops: A workplace with extremely poor working conditions a. Long hours b. Poor ventilated factories c. Dangerous machines 3. Child Labor: children worked to support families a. Children were desired workers because they were small and nimble b. Paid less than adults c. Forced to work in horrible conditions d. Some families were so desperate that they would lie about age to allow their children to work

6. Child Labor At the Turn of the Century

7. V.Water and Sanitation A. Late 1800s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing is rare 1. People had to collect water from facets in the street and heat it for bathing 2. Diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever were rampant B. Chlorination was introduced in 1908 C. Streets filled with horse manure, sewage flowed in open gutters, factory smoke polluted the air, people dumped their garbage in alleys 1. Contractors hired to clean streets did not do their jobs adequately 2. By 1900, many cities start to develop sewer lines

8. Garbage piled in tenement courtyard Photograph by Jacob Riis author of “How the Other Half Lives”

9. VI.Other Urban Problems A. Crime 1. As population grows, thieve flourish 2. Early police forces too small to quash crime effectively B. Fire 1. Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters 2. Most firefighters are volunteers, not always available 3. By 1900 most cities have full-time fire departments and fire sprinklers, and non-flammable building materials start to make cities safer Great Chicago Fire October 8-10 1871

10. VII.Charity to the Poor A. The Social Gospel Movement: an early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. B. Settlement Houses: Urban Centers that provided services to the poor (taught immigrants English, provided food and clothing) largely ran by middle-class college educated women. C. Hull House in Chicago founded in 1889 by Jane Addams is the most famous settlement house. Hull House in Chicago Jane Addams teaching immigrant children