1. Genome evolution and the genotype-phenotype map

2. Mendelian inheritance

3. Epistasis and Pleiotropy http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/11/14

4. Pleiotropy- one gene, many phenotypes http://mumtazticloft.com/PigeonGenetics1.asp

5. Pleiotropy- Marfan syndrome http://www.marfan.net.au/showcontent.toy?cid=1515 FBN1- glycoprotein that serve as a structural component of 10-12 nm calcium- binding microfibrils. These microfibrils provide force bearing structural support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue throughout the body.

6. Epistasis- several genotypes one phenotype http://beacon-center.org/blog/2012/09/17/evolution-101-epistasis/

8. http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/kgabric/Disease10/Alpha%20Thalassemia/Index.html ɑ-thalassemia

9. http://www.syncytiabeta.org/~syncyt5/syncytiabeta/index.php?title=Alpha-thalassemia ɑ-thalassemia

10. http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2012/11/lethal-genes.html Sickle cell anemia

16. Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasites, Plasmodium. Each year, it causes disease in approximately 650 million people and kills between one and three million, most of them young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malarial parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites themselves infect and multiply within the red blood cells Malaria disease

18. Sickle cell anemia and Malaria

19. Heterozygote advantage http://www.mjhid.org/article/view/10928/html

21. Negative epistasis between the malaria- protective effects of ɑ + -thalassemia and the sickle cell trait

22. Negative epistatic interaction between the effect of HbAS and ɑ+-thalassemia

23. Negative epistasis between the malaria- protective effects of ɑ + -thalassemia and the sickle cell trait These genes may be acting epistatically with regard to their malaria-protective effects

24. Negative epistasis between the malaria- protective effects of ɑ + -thalassemia and the sickle cell trait Epistasis could result a range of outcomes depending on the selective forces involved

25. Do the “strongest” survive?