1. All Russia All Day

2. RUSSIA Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History 1. Invasions and fear of invasion 2. Openness to West – or not 3. Alternating periods of repression and reform 4. Little or no history of democracy

3. RUSSIA Ancient Russia 850 A.D. 850 A.D. Russia settled by Scandinavians Russia settled by Scandinavians People from Norway, Sweden, Finland People from Norway, Sweden, Finland Main city is Novgorod Main city is Novgorod Major Rulers: Major Rulers: Oleg Oleg Vladimir I Vladimir I Influenced by Byzantine Empire Influenced by Byzantine Empire Brings orthodox church to Russia Brings orthodox church to Russia KEY POINTS SLIDE

4. Novgorod is the capital city

5. Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

6. Early Byzantine Influences: Cyrillic Alphabet

7. RUSSIA Mongol Invasion 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion: forces of Genghis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion: forces of Genghis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Most of Russia conquered by Mongols Most of Russia conquered by Mongols Mongols control Russia for next 200 years Mongols control Russia for next 200 years States forced to pay “tribute” to Mongols States forced to pay “tribute” to Mongols KEY POINTS SLIDE  City of Novgorod remains in Russian control Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols

8. RUSSIA MONGOL EMPIRE

9. RUSSIA Mongol/Tatar Rule 1240-1480 Brutal invasion Brutal invasion Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of Western Europe Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of Western Europe Mongols are finally pushed out Mongols are finally pushed out 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia

10. Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

11. RUSSIA 16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible Power tended to rest with boyars Held land Controlled serfs Boyars struggles with new tsars for control New tsars used boyars to serve state Created bureaucracy Mandatory military service KEY POINTS SLIDE

12. RUSSIA Ivan the Great (1480) Leads rebellion against the Mongols Leads rebellion against the Mongols Freed Russian cities from Mongol control Freed Russian cities from Mongol control

13. RUSSIA Ivan III (THE GREAT) Established hereditary rule Established hereditary rule Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Tsar head of Orthodox Church Tsar head of Orthodox Church Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”) Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”) Peasants who periodically fought government Peasants who periodically fought government

14. RUSSIA Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533 Becomes Tsar of Russia as a 3 yr.old Becomes Tsar of Russia as a 3 yr.old Expanded Russian land into Siberia Expanded Russian land into Siberia Attacked his own followers if they displeased him (including his own son) Attacked his own followers if they displeased him (including his own son)

15. RUSSIA Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1530-1584 First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) Assumed throne at age three Assumed throne at age three Built St. Basil’s Cathedral (brought back religion) Built St. Basil’s Cathedral (brought back religion) Boyar families fought for de facto control of government Boyar families fought for de facto control of government Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred 1543—executed a boyar 1543—executed a boyar 1547—married Anastasia Romanov 1547—married Anastasia Romanov

16. RUSSIA The End of Ivan At wife’s death had breakdown At wife’s death had breakdown Ivan believed boyars poisoned her Ivan believed boyars poisoned her Tortured and executed many Tortured and executed many Cruelty and insanity broke through Cruelty and insanity broke through 1581—killed 2 nd son, Ivan 1581—killed 2 nd son, Ivan Son, Feodor, gained throne Son, Feodor, gained throne Feodor died with no heir Feodor died with no heir Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray Civil War, Polish invasion ensued Civil War, Polish invasion ensued

17. RUSSIA The Two Ivans Church reform Church reform Government supervision of clergy Government supervision of clergy Increased control of peoples’ lives Increased control of peoples’ lives Permanent military established Permanent military established Sudebnik (new law code) Sudebnik (new law code) Limited aristocracy Limited aristocracy More difficult for peasants to leave their land More difficult for peasants to leave their land Oprichniki Oprichniki Special police force to destroy boyars Special police force to destroy boyars Wear all black and ride black horses Wear all black and ride black horses KEY POINTS SLIDE

18. RUSSIA New Line of Tsars: Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar Romanov rule officially begins Romanov rule officially begins Romanov’s rule Russia until Russian Revolution (WWI) Romanov’s rule Russia until Russian Revolution (WWI) He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy KEY POINTS SLIDE

19. RUSSIA Michael Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks

20. RUSSIA Feudal System (Russian Serfdom) 3 classes of people 3 classes of people Ruling class Ruling class Tsar and family Tsar and family Nobles Nobles Land owners, Barons & Knights Land owners, Barons & Knights Need serfs to work the land Need serfs to work the land Serfs (peasants) Serfs (peasants) Land workers (farmers) Land workers (farmers) Need nobles to protect them from invaders, criminals Need nobles to protect them from invaders, criminals KEY POINTS SLIDE

21. RUSSIA Peter the Great 1672-1725 Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Traveled widely Traveled widely Built St. Petersburg Built St. Petersburg Westernized Russia Westernized Russia Modernized army Modernized army Tried to be more like Western Europe Tried to be more like Western Europe Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea KEY POINTS SLIDE

22. RUSSIA Beard Tax Nobles were expected to dress and behave in a more “Western” manner Nobles were expected to dress and behave in a more “Western” manner

23. RUSSIA Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” The winter palace The winter palace

24. RUSSIA Russia Under Peter the Great

25. RUSSIA

26. Catherine the Great (1729-1796) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Considered an enlightened despot Considered an enlightened despot Let boyars not pay taxes Let boyars not pay taxes Taxed peasants heavily Taxed peasants heavily Encouraged museums, new buildings, libraries Encouraged museums, new buildings, libraries Believed in equality, but treated the poor badly Believed in equality, but treated the poor badly Very good at foreign policy Very good at foreign policy Expanded Russian borders Expanded Russian borders KEY POINTS SLIDE

27. RUSSIA Russia Under Catherine the Great Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea 1790s—partitioned Poland

28. RUSSIA Reform, then Repression Initially open to reform Initially open to reform Art, literature and science Art, literature and science Greater local self- government Greater local self- government Legal reforms Legal reforms Pugachev Rebellion & revolution in France made her become more oppressive Pugachev Rebellion & revolution in France made her become more oppressive

29. RUSSIA Problems with Feudal System World was changing World was changing “Western” culture had given up on the feudal system “Western” culture had given up on the feudal system Russia becoming more industrial Russia becoming more industrial Serfs no longer need protection Serfs no longer need protection “Serfs” in Russia given freedom in 1860, but… “Serfs” in Russia given freedom in 1860, but… “Worker’s” lives did not improve “Worker’s” lives did not improve

30. RUSSIA Rulers who don’t get their own slide: Nicolas I 1825-1855 Nicolas I 1825-1855 Grew Russia to its current size Grew Russia to its current size Alexander II 1855-1881 Alexander II 1855-1881 Several reforms judicial system, local judges, abolishing corporal punishment promoted local self-government through the zemstvo system, ended some privileges of the nobilityzemstvo Alexander III 1881-1894 (assassinated) Alexander III 1881-1894 (assassinated) Reversed all of Alexander II’s reforms Reversed all of Alexander II’s reforms KEY POINTS SLIDE

31. RUSSIA Nicolas II 1894-1917 Weak military Weak military Lost Russo Japanese War Lost Russo Japanese War Went to war front during WWI Went to war front during WWI TWO revolts under his rule TWO revolts under his rule Bloody Sunday 1905 Bloody Sunday 1905 February Revolution 1917 February Revolution 1917 Abdicates thrown, ending Romanov rule, beginning the Russian Revolution of 1917 Abdicates thrown, ending Romanov rule, beginning the Russian Revolution of 1917 KEY POINTS SLIDE

32. RUSSIA Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) a result of Nicholas's interest in Russian expansion in the Far East a result of Nicholas's interest in Russian expansion in the Far East Russia suffers humiliation at the hands of the Japanese Russia suffers humiliation at the hands of the Japanese Nicholas is seen as a weak ruler Nicholas is seen as a weak ruler - Bloody Sunday happens not long after

33. RUSSIA Bloody Sunday Guards at the winter palace open fire on protestors Guards at the winter palace open fire on protestors A large revolt breaks out A large revolt breaks out Nicholas agrees to create a parliament (Duma) to appease the protesting people Nicholas agrees to create a parliament (Duma) to appease the protesting people He never intends to keep the Duma in place and he dismisses it as soon as calm returns. He never intends to keep the Duma in place and he dismisses it as soon as calm returns.

34. RUSSIAWWII Russia was unprepared for war: was still recovering from the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Russia was unprepared for war: was still recovering from the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Many troops sent to front unarmed (up to 1 out of 3) Many troops sent to front unarmed (up to 1 out of 3) The tsar goes to the war front and leaves the tsarina in control. The tsar goes to the war front and leaves the tsarina in control. The tsarina is under the influence of Rasputin The tsarina is under the influence of Rasputin

35. RUSSIA The czar’s unpopularity & failure of the government to respond to problems increased calls for socialism Socialists demanded that the government control all means of production to create an equal society Radical workers, peasants, & soldiers began to form councils called soviets that held meetings & assumed control over local gov’ts In 1903, a radical socialist named Vladimir Lenin formed the Bolsheviks, a group that supported a revolutionary overthrow of the Russian government

36. RUSSIA In March, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne & the Duma created a provisional (temporary) government Bolshevik Red Guards seized control of the provisional government & declared themselves the new gov’t leaders of Russia Lenin’s message of “peace, land, & bread” helped him gain popularity among the Russian people By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia demanding an end the monarchy & to World War I

37. RUSSIA Nicholas and his family were sent to internal exile by the Bolsheviks. They were eventually executed

38. RUSSIA Vladimir Lenin 1917-1924 Began redistribution of land and factories Began redistribution of land and factories Signed a treaty giving land to Germany to get out of WWI Signed a treaty giving land to Germany to get out of WWI Brest Litovsk Treaty Brest Litovsk The Russian Revolution led to a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army & the White Army (people who wanted a new czar, democracy, or land back) The Russian Revolution led to a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army & the White Army (people who wanted a new czar, democracy, or land back) Lenin transformed Russia into the Soviet Union, the world’s first socialist gov’t & created the Communist Party to rule the nation Lenin transformed Russia into the Soviet Union, the world’s first socialist gov’t & created the Communist Party to rule the nation Lenin’s NEP: New Economic Policy allowed the sale of extra agricultural products to help get the economy moving. Many Bolsheviks did not like it. Lenin’s NEP: New Economic Policy allowed the sale of extra agricultural products to help get the economy moving. Many Bolsheviks did not like it. KEY POINTS SLIDE

39. RUSSIA In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke & died in 1924; Lenin’s death led to a struggle for power in the USSR By 1927, Joseph Stalin out maneuvered his rivals & gained control of the Soviet Union Stalin quickly created a totalitarian state in which he had total control of the gov’t & peoples’ lives Joseph Stalin 1924-1953 KEY POINTS SLIDE

40. RUSSIA Stalin was a totalitarian dictator who transformed the USSR into a police state Stalin led the Great Purge to eliminate potential rivals in the Communist Party (He executed 8-13 million) Stalin implemented his 5 year plans to collectivize and industrialize Russia Industrialization improved but famine killed millions Russia Under Stalin

41. RUSSIA Post WWII: The Cold War Not a direct conflict. Tense moments, competition, and proxy wars Not a direct conflict. Tense moments, competition, and proxy wars Korean War Korean War Vietnam War Vietnam War Cuban Missile crisis Cuban Missile crisis Afghan War Afghan War Space Race Space Race KEY POINTS SLIDE  The US and USSR compete for global dominance  Nuclear build up leads to MAD Mutually Assured Destruction  Soviet Union falls in 1989  Gorbachev policies of Perastroika and Glasnost  Marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall