1. Imagine that you moved and went to school in China. How would you adjust to your new surroundings? Homework: Look over Sections 1, 2, and 3 Chapter 14 pp. 464- 485 Question of the Day

2. This is the process in which cities grow. With the industrial boom of the late 19 th century, millions were drawn to American cities of the Northeast and Midwest. The urban population rose from 10 million in 1870 to 54 million by 1920. Urbanization

3. Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920. “New Immigrants”

4. Immigrants were to stop at processing stations where immigration official would judge who could enter the country. Immigrants had to be healthy, have skill, or have a sponsor who would provide for them. The most famous processing stations were Ellis Island and Angel Island. Processing Stations

5. Immigrants Settle in Cities Trying to adjust in their new surroundings, cities offered many conveniences to immigrants. Mills and factories offered the unskilled jobs and the housing was relatively cheap. Also, ethnic communities offered support for new arrivals.

6. Designed by government officials and concerned citizens, this was an educational program to help immigrants assimilate to American culture. Schools and voluntary associations provided programs to teach immigrants skills for citizenship, such as English literacy. Americanization Movement

7. The belief that native born citizens are superior to newcomers. The poverty of these “new” immigrants worried many Americans, but also that most were Catholic and Jewish further fueled the belief. Nativism

9. One of the first major immigration laws. Passed in 1882, this act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the US. Other laws were passed outlawing criminals, paupers, or the sick from entering the US. Chinese Exclusion Act

11. Because of the new inventions for farming, such as the McCormick mechanical reaper, many farm hands lost their jobs. African Americans were the largest group hit by this setback. Between 1890 and 1910, 200,000 blacks migrated to northern cities where they found the same racial violence, economic hardship, and political oppression they experienced in the South. From Country to City

12. As cities grew, city governments faced the problems of how to provide residents with the needed services and safe living conditions. Many working class families lived in tenements, or multifamily urban dwellings. Due to poor sanitation and enforcement of the law, many of these dwellings proved to be dirty and overcrowded. City Housing

14. These were transportation systems that could move large numbers of people along fixed routes. This allowed workers to live some distance from their work. Street cars and electric subways were both introduced in the late 1800s. Many cities, however, did struggle to repair old transit systems and build new ones to meet the demand of their growing populations. Mass Transit

15. As cities grew, supplying safe drinking water became a problem. Many cities created public waterworks, but lacked the ability to lay pipe for all tenements. Many city dwellings did not receive safe water access until the early 20 th century. Water Systems

16. Private contractors, called scavengers, were hired to sweep the streets, collect garbage, and clean outhouses, however, many did not perform the job properly. Because of this, cities became breeding grounds for vermin and disease. By 1900, many cities had developed sewer lines and sanitation departments. Sanitation Systems

17. With the overcrowding of cities and low paying unskilled jobs, many individuals turned to crime. Pickpocketing and robbery flourished during the late 1800s. New York was the first city to create a paid police force in 1844. These law enforcement units, however, lacked the size to have much of an impact. Crime

18. Because of a lack of water, the use of candles and kerosene lamps, and many of the dwellings being made of wood, most cities were subject to large fires. Prior to 1853, fire departments were all volunteer. Cincinnati created the first paid department. Along with this, the introduction of the fire sprinkler in 1874 and the replacement of wood as a building material to brick or stone both helped to make cities safer. Fire Departments

19. This was a 19 th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty. Social Gospel Movement

20. A community center that provides assistance to residents, particularly immigrants, in a slum neighborhood. Run mainly by middle-class, college-educated women, these centers provided educational, cultural, and social services. Settlement Houses

21. She was one of the most influential members of the Social Gospel Movement. She created the first settlement houses in Chicago, known as Hull Houses. She was also an antiwar activist, a spokesperson for racial justice, and an advocate for quality-of-life issues. In 1931, she was the co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. Jane Addams

22. An unofficial political organization designed to keep a particular party or faction in office:  Political Boss and ward or precinct captains  Traded jobs, utility contracts, taxes, licenses, inspections, and welfare for votes  Helped assimilate immigrants and kept cities from crumbling, however, was plagued with corruption Political Machines

23. Created after the assassination of President James Garfield, this law, passed in 1883, created a civil service system for the federal government in an attempt to hire employees on a merit system rather than on a spoils system. Pendleton Civil Service Act