1. Enlightenment

2. DNW Think back to the beginning of our unit. What was the ideal form(s) of government according to the Greeks and Romans? Think about the ideas of Aristotle, Plato, Cicero. Think about the ideas of rule of law, the philosopher king. If you are coming up blank then take this five minutes to reflect (and write) upon how you are going to fix this situation since these items WILL be on your test next week.

3. Finish Jigsaw Finish taking your notes and explain your information to your group Remember to go slow since they are taking notes on what you are saying! Questions are coming! Be ready!

4. Answer these in your notes 1)How did the Magna Carta limit the power of the king? 2) Why would citizens want due process of law? 3) What did the Model Parliament do? 4) What made Martin Luther upset with the Catholic Church? 5) How did Luther’s ideas contradict the Catholic Church? 6) Explain the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theories. 7) What new invention helped spread ideas across Europe? 8) Why did the Catholic Church find Galileo’s ideas dangerous? What happened to him?

6. Open your book to pg. 199, find the section labeled Legacy of the Enlightenment Practice Summarizing: Read this section on the Enlightenment and choose the 5-7 most important points from this information. Ask yourself “what do I need to know to understand what the Enlightenment is?” Make a bullet list on your Enlightenment Thinker handout

7. Check Your Notes! Progress- People can think and solve problems. People can use scientific inquiry to discover new truths about the world and how it works. Humans can use their brains to solve social problems too! People can come up with ideas to end slavery or make people more equal. Questioning is encouraged- It is ok to challenge your leaders, both political and religious. People should do things based on facts not superstition. Rise of Individualism- Thinking people judge right and wrong. They can discover new ideas. Everyone has something they can offer. Governments exist to serve people, not the other way around, because people are the most important.

8. Read Chapter 6, Sec. 2. Take notes on these philosophers and their ideas onto your handout in the column for “key beliefs”: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft, Rousseau, Smith, Beccarria Hobbes- The Grumpy Hater Locke- The Selfish Thinker Montesquieu- The Balanced Nobleman Rousseau- The Hopeful Nice Guy Wollstonecraft - The Angry Feminist Adam Smith: Money Man Beccarria: Punishment Pontificator

9. Today we will look at one document from each Enlightenment Thinker. I will give you a little background first. You can take those notes on your chart in the second column. You will add book notes for homework in the first column. Then you will read a document from each philosopher and answer the guided reading questions and then fill out the chart for each thinker.

10. Thomas Hobbes – Early English Enlightenment thinker – Lived in England during the English Civil War 1642 – The violence of the time deeply affected him. Violent neighbors/gov’t – Thought people were monsters. Society steps in and teaches them to do better – He wants stability and safety more than anything. – Only one way to get it

11. The Leviathan The Leviathan: famous book (1651) People are naturally selfish and greedy. They are the body of the leviathan. Need someone to direct the head of the monster. Need a strong, powerful government to prevent chaos. Buys into the philosopher king idea No separation of powers – Couldn’t publish anything else in England after Leviathan; accused of being a atheist (heretic)

12. The Social Contract Individuals have consented (or agreed) to surrender some of their freedoms to a ruler in exchange for protecting their rights Previously seen in Greek, Roman ideas as well as the covenant idea from Judaism Hobbes: In the "state of nature", human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke are all proponents of this idea – All have different ideas on how to solve the political authority in different ways

13. Hobbes Primary Source Document Move your desk together with your partner Find the Hobbes document Read it OUTLOUD! And answer the questions that follow. Do not go on to other documents. We will go over these together so the philosophers don’t get too mixed up in your brains

14. 1.Identify: According to Thomas Hobbes, why do men become enemies? Because they both want the same thing so they compete; this leads to war and becoming enemies. 2.Identify: According to Thomas Hobbes, why is war such a bad thing? It ruins stability. Culture is prevented and knowledge is lost and business goes down. Constant fear. 3.Justify: According to Thomas Hobbes, what do men have to do in order to avoid war? Do you agree with Hobbes? Explain. Men must give their power to the gov’t IF the king keeps the peace. 4.Analyze: What type of government do you think Thomas Hobbes would want? Explain, and BE SPECIFIC. A king. A super powerful king. Absolute monarch; philosopher king.

15. John Locke – Later English Enlightenment Philosopher. Read Leviathan – Lived during Glorious Revolution (Eng Bill of Rights) Peaceful change of power – Since he saw a better government formed without war, he knows this is possible Two Treatises on Government (1690) – People are born naturally free with natural rights (life, liberty, and property) – Create government to protect natural rights – Get rid of government if not doing its job – Builds on ideas from Aristotle & Cicero

16. Huge impact on American Revolutionary thinkers. Keep in mind, he is just a guy! Not a king, not a nobleman. Impressive achievement. Also known for The Blank Slate theory: we are born without innate knowledge; formed by experience Fan of religious tolerance Unlike Hobbes, he believed humanity is characterized by reason and tolerance. But he does believe (like Hobbes) people can be selfish Advocated for separation of powers Revolution is a right AND an obligation! Still motivates people today!

17. 1.Identify: According to John Locke, what are the “natural rights” of all men? Life, liberty and property 2.Explain: According to John Locke, why do people unite to form communities and governments? When should people disobey or rebel against the government? We want to live comfortable, peaceful lives. They need help protecting their rights. Get rid of gov’ts who aren’t doing their jobs. 3.Analyze: What type of government do you think John Locke would want? Explain, and BE SPECIFIC Constitutional monarchy. Constitution will force the king to protect their rights. As long as it protects the people’s rights. Importance of written documents. This was the gov’t he lived under so he is a fan 4.Analyze: In what ways do you think the ideas expressed by John Locke influenced Western political thought? Many of our key rights come from here!

18. Charles de Montesquieu – French baron and philosopher The Spirit of Laws (1777) – 3 Branches of Gov’t Legislative: creates laws Executive: enforces laws Judicial: interprets laws Radical departure from France’s 3 Estate system – Separation of Powers: branches are split up so one can’t get too much power Model for OUR gov’t! He totally stole this from Aristotle!

19. 1.Explain: According to Montesquieu, what are the three kinds of power in every government? What does each one of these powers do? Legislative: makes laws. Executive: enforce laws. Judicial: judge laws & law breakers 2.Explain: According to Montesquieu, what happens when one group or individual controls all three of these powers? Is this a good thing or a bad thing? Explain. They would abuse power. They would have the power to make laws, judge them and enforce them. People have little/no control. 3.Analyze: What type of government do you think Montesquieu would want? Explain, and BE SPECIFIC Constitutional monarchy: as long as powers are divided. 4.Analyze: In what ways do you think the ideas expressed by Montesquieu influenced Western political thought? 3 Branches of our own gov’t. Checks and balances

20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacque Rousseau – Born in Geneva, Switzerland – Later moved to France – Is convinced people are smart and kind and good. Only society and a few bad people corrupt others. The Social Contract (1762) – People should have as much individual freedom as possible – Government formed by a Social Contract: a direct democracy where everyone is equal and has an equal say in politics

21. His Social Contract differs greatly from Hobbes. To him all the power to make laws should be in the hands of the people Loved direct democracy idea. Thought republic or other rep gov’t could work in Geneva, his origin, but not in France because it was too big. Some of his views became radicalized in the hands of The French Revolution (Robespierre) No friend to women: thought women should not be educated

22. 1.Explain: What does Rousseau mean when he says “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”? Explain. People are born free but they have to follow laws eventually so they give up that freedom so they can live under a gov’t with laws/protection. 2.Summarize: According to Rousseau, how does a government created by the Social Contract work? A group of people get together to form a society and they agree to give up their powers so the gov’t has some. 3.Explain: According to Rousseau, how does a man keep his freedom under a government created by the Social Contract? They can take their power back if they don’t like what’s going on. 4.Analyze: What type of government do you think Rousseau would want? Explain, and BE SPECIFIC Direct Democracy!

23. Mary Wollstonecraft – English Enlightenment philosopher – Mother of Mary Shelley – Self-educated woman – A rebel- love affairs, illegitimate child, suicide attempts. Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) – Women are not respected by men in society – Society is keeping women down – Women must receive an equal education and have equal opportunities as men

24. Women are not naturally inferior to men; they just appear to be because they don’t receive education – Women are essential to the nation & educate the children Both men and women should be treated as rational Schools should be free from ages 5-9 & co-ed One of the earliest works of feminist philosophy No friend to the poor. Her main focus was on middle class. Thought poor children after age 9 (unless they were brilliant) should go to a separate school Planned a 2 nd volume but died before finishing it

25. Feminist? Difficult to say if she can actually be called a feminist. Term wasn’t coined til 1890s Never makes the claim that men and women are equal But she paved the way for future feminist arguments; political movements like suffrage Her husband (William Godwin) released a book explaining her unorthodox lifestyle; she was reviled for over a century as a result:

26. 1.Identify: According to Wollstonecraft, how do men of the time period view women? What does Wollstonecraft think about this? Men view them as lesser creatures 2.Explain: According to Wollstonecraft, what is holding women back (from studying politics, for example)? Society and men won’t let them reach their potential 3.Explain: What does Wollstonecraft mean when she says, “I do not wish for them to have power over men, but over themselves”? Explain. Free will for women to make their own choices. 4.Analyze: In what ways do you think the ideas expressed by Wollstonecraft influenced Western political thought?

27. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Kidnapped by gypsies @ age 3; rescued by grandfather Scottish economist Objected to mercantilism; stifling Wealth of Nations (1776) Supported free market system Father of modern capitalism

28. Cesare Beccaria Italian criminologist Condemned torture & death penalty in On Crimes and Punishments State doesn’t have right to take lives & it isn’t a useful punishment Punishment should be proportional to the crime

30. Western Political Thought Cake Fill the 5 layers with as many ideas, beliefs and significant people as you have from your Unit 1 material that are part of Western Political Thought. Layers – You should have : Enlightenment Renaissance/Reformation Monotheism Ancient Philosophers Ancient Greece and Rome