2. Unit 3 A Nation Transformed

3. What is immigration? Immigration is the act of leaving one’s homeland to live in another country, usually permanently

4. PUSH Factors – Reasons immigrants had to leave their countries (usually negative) examples: o religious persecution o oppressive governments o famine PULL Factors – Reasons immigrants wanted to come to America (usually positive) examples: o better opportunities: jobs, land, and education

5. Between 1892 and 1954 over 12 million people entered the United States through Ellis Island a federal immigration station. It has been estimated that nearly half of all Americans today can trace their family history to at least one person who passed through the Port of New York at Ellis Island.

6. Angel Island was known as "The Guardian of the Western Gate" and was used as a detention center designed to control the flow of Chinese into the country due to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Between 1910-1930 over 1,000,00 new immigrants were processed here.

7. Immigrants in the late 1800s Emigrated from Eastern and Southern Europe (Russia, Italy Austro-Hungary) and Asia Very different than native born Americans

8. Why did immigration to the United States increase during the late 1800s and early 1900s? Hope for better opportunities Religious freedom Escape from oppressive governments adventure

9. American reaction to immigrants POSITIVE supplied workers for factories new religions, words, customs and food growth of cities and ethnic neighborhoods reform movements helped all Americans

10. NEGATIVE barriers to employment and education Laws that limit immigration o Chinese Exclusion Act o Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan discrimination against the Irish and Chinese nativist movement

11. How Did Native Born Americans Treat the Newly Arrived Immigrants ? Nativist Movement -- Nativists wanted to preserve the U.S. for native-born Americans. - They said immigrants took away jobs and were associated with violence and crime.

12. Chinese Exclusion Act The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 kept the Chinese from settling in the United States. This is the first time a person’s nation of origin became a barrier to immigration

13. Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan – 1907 (Immigration) The United States and Japan reached an agreement – Japan would stop workers from entering into the U.S and in return the U.S. would allow Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country.

14. Why did urban areas grow in the late 1800s? 1.Migration of African Americans to Northern cities 2.Industrialization 3.Immigration 4.Improved transportation networks 5.Rural-to-urban migration

15. Keu Urban Areas in the United States in the early 1900s

16. Why did immigrants settle in the big cities? Available work in factories Close to Ellis and Angel Islands Housing was cheap and easier to find Sections of cities housed immigrants who had similar customs and cultures

17. Immigrant life in the city Many immigrant families lived in tenements (run down apartment buildings) which were located in overcrowded slum neighborhoods. Several families shared a common bathroom with no running water in the rooms.

18. Health and sanitation problems contributed to disease and death. Ghetto neighborhoods

19. Political machines ruled the cities by promising jobs and living quarters to the new immigrants. Tammany Hall – the most powerful political machine in New York City was run by William “Boss” Tweed

20. Early Urban Reform Efforts Jacob Riis wrote a book called How the Other Half Lives describing and photographing the lives of the urban poor.

21. Jane Addams established the Hull House which was a settlement house in Chicago where immigrants and the urban poor could learn English and get help.

22. Tenement House Law of 1901 - for new buildings, all halls and rooms had to have light and air and "Privacy is secured by requiring individual sanitary accommodations for each family" - A euphemism for a private toilet.

23. "Fifth Avenue. New York.- For the last sixty years this has been the most fashionable street in New York, and it was always the ambition of wealthy men to live in it. It is lined with costly mansions, perhaps unequalled anywhere as the indication of private wealth” Postcard collection of Maggie Land Blanck -1908

24. The Statue of Liberty is quite possibly the most photographed statue or monument anywhere in the world. As an ageless symbol of American freedom, she has stood silent watch through the Golden Age of American Immigration and welcomed tens-of-millions of passengers en route to a new life in America.Statue of Liberty

25. Symbolism of the Statue of Liberty The 7 spires of her crown stand for the 7 seas and 7 continents. Her torch is a symbol of welcome for the new arrivals. Her broken chain at her feet is a symbol of freedom. She holds a tablet with the date of the Declaration of Independence.

26. The New Colossus... "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" -Emma Lazarus, 1883-