1. THE NEW IMMIGRATION SWBAT: Explain how “new” immigrants compared to “old” immigrants, and the effects of immigration in urban areas

2. Do Now  Define Americanization, and explain the extent to which it occurred in urban areas during the late 19th century.

3. Changing Trends  Prior to 1890  Countries of Origin  England  Ireland  Germany  Scandinavian  1890 – 1924  Countries of Origin Countries of Origin  Italy  Russia  Austro-Hungarian  Poland  25% = “birds of passage” Old ImmigrationNew Immigration

5. Reasons for Immigrating  Escape religious persecution  Jews, particularly from Russia, had become the victims of pogroms Pogroms  attacks against Jews characterized by killings and/or destruction of homes & businesses

6. Reasons for Immigrating  Available land & farming opportunities  Italy: less & less land available  Farming became unprofitable in Europe  Peasants lost land due to the commercialization of agriculture  Who would want restrictions on immigration?  Labor Unions  Social Darwinists  Nativists

7. New Nativism  Many believed new immigrants had no appreciation of liberty & posed a threat to democracy  1894: Immigration Restriction League called for restricting illiterate immigrants from entering the U.S.  Congress passed this in 1897, but legislation was vetoed by President Grover Cleveland

8. New Nativism  Several states ended policy of allowing immigrants to vote before becoming citizens  Secret ballots adopted  Illiterate immigrants could not receive assistance from party officials at the polls  States adopted literacy requirements  Suffrage become more of a privilege than a right

9. Major Port of Immigration  Ellis Island

10. Cartoon Analysis  Discuss and explain the message of each cartoon and what groups would agree/disagree with the message with your partner

12. “Looking Backwards” by Joseph Keppler, founder of Puck magazine, published January 11th, 1893 in New York City

13.  "Uncle Sam is a Man of Strong Features“, Judge magazine, published November 26, 1888 by Grant Hamilton  Does this cartoonist support or oppose Nativism? Explain.

14.  What about this one…

15. Urbanization  Urbanization & Industrialization occurred simultaneously  1900: 40% of Americans lived in towns or cities  Who? immigrants & internal migrants from rural areas, including nearly 1 million southern blacks in the early 1900s

16. Changes in Urban Areas  Streetcar Cities  Electric trollies, elevated railroads, subways  segregated workers by income  Skyscrapers  Steel-framed 10+ storied buildings, Otis elevators  Ethnic Neighborhoods  Tenements, maintained own culture (aka: ghettos)  Overcrowding  disease

17. Changes in Urban Areas  The Suburbs  1900: suburbs surrounded major cities  Frederick Law Olmsted designed “a village in the park”- curved roads, open spaces  Low cost of land & construction, desire for grass, ethnic & racial prejudice, inexpensive commute  Thriving Political Machines  Tightly organized groups of politicians developed into power centers to coordinate needs of businesses, immigrants & underprivileged (ex. Tammany Hall & Boss Tweed in NYC) “I don't care who does the electing, so long as I get to do the nominating.”

18. Wrap Up  After reading “Historical Perspectives: Melting Pot or Cultural Diversity”, and using your prior knowledge discuss and respond to the following questions with your partner: 1. Do you agree more with Degler or Handlin? Explain. 2. Is the cultural diversity in the U.S. society today a permanent condition –or just unmelted bits of foreign ways that will someday fuse into a homogeneous culture? Mulberry Street NYC c1900

19. Extension  Crash Course: Growth, Cities, Immigration! Crash Course: Growth, Cities, Immigration!