2. The Drive for Reform – Section 1

3. Section 1 The Drive for Reform

4. Today’s Objectives – GLE’s 25 & 26  Students will identify the causes of Progressivism and compare it populism.  Students will analyze the role that journalist played in the Progressive Movement.  Students will evaluate some of the Social reforms that Progressives tackled.  Students will explain what Progressives hoped to achieve through political reforms.

5. Key People and Key Terms  Progressivism  Muckraker  Lincoln Steffens  Jacob Riis  Social Gospel  Settlement House  Jane Addams  Direct Primary  Initiative  Referendum  Recall

6. Why Does This Matter?  Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration brought many beliefs to America, but they also produced challenging social problems. In response, a movement called progressivism emerged in the 1890’s. Progressives believed that new ideas, honest, efficient government could bring about social justice. Progressive ideas brought lasting reforms that still affect society today.

7. The Progressive Era

8. STAY FOCUS ON THIS QUESTION What areas did progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?

9. Analyzing Political Cartoons

10. Origins of Progressivism  Many progressive leaders emerged from the growing middle class.  Dissatisfied industrial workers also joined the Progressive Movement.  The Wealthy, driven by the desire to act for the good of society did so as well.  The people who made up the Progressive Movement came from many walks of life.  They came from all political parties, social classes, ethnic groups, and religions.

11. Progressives Share Common Beliefs  What the Progressives shared in common was a belief that industrialization and urbanization had created troubling social and political problems.  They encouraged state legislatures and the federal government to enact laws to address the issues faced by the poor.  Progressivism was similar to the Populist Movement of the late 1800’s because both were reform movements that wanted to get ride of corrupt government officials and make government more responsive to the people’s needs.

12. Progressivism and Populist different  Progressives were middle class people.  They believed that highly educated people should use modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society.  Leaders of the Populist Movement, on the other hand, consisted mostly of farmers and workers.

13. Progressives Target a Variety of Problems  For many women, the number one goal was winning the right to vote.  Other progressives considered honest government to be the most important goal.  Other Progressives reformers, often motivated by their religious faith, south to reduce the growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. READ – PAGE 213

15. What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve? Reformers hoped to solve problems in the areas of politics and government, business, social welfare and labor conditions

16. Muckrakers Let the Cat out the Bag!  Socially conscious journalist and other writers dramatized the need for reform.  Theodore Roosevelt agreed with much of what they said, he called these writers muckrakers because he thought them too fascinated with the ugliest side of things (the muck). A muckrake is a tool used to clean manure and hay out of animals’ stables.

17. The JUNGLE – UPTON SINCLAIR

18. Today’s Objectives – GLE’s 25 & 26  Students will identify the causes of Progressivism and compare it populism.  Students will analyze the role that journalist played in the Progressive Movement.  Students will evaluate some of the Social reforms that Progressives tackled.  Students will explain what Progressives hoped to achieve through political reforms.

19. Journalist Uncover Injustices  Jacob Riis, a photographer for the New York Evening Sun who focused on rat-infested tenement buildings where the urban poor lived.  One of the leading muckrakers was Lincoln Steffens, managing editor at McClure’s, a magazine known for uncovering social problems.  1903, published The Shame of the Cities, a collection of articles on political corruption. He showed how corrupt politicians won election by bribing and threatening voters, and revealed how political corruption affected all aspects of live in a city.

20. What role did journalist and other writers play in the Progressive Movement? They wrote sensational reports on a variety of serious problems facing the United States in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, and their works were published in newspapers, magazines, and books read by millions of Americans. Their works sparked horror and outrage and motivated people to demand reforms.

21. Progressives Reform Society  Progressive activist promoted laws to improve living conditions, public health, and schools.  They urged government to regulate business.  They believed that careful social planning would make American life better.

22. The Social Gospel Guides Reform Efforts  Reformers, like Walter Rauschenbusch, thought that Christianity should be the basis of social reform.  Social Gospel, following the bible’s teachings about charity and justice, he believed that people could make society “the Kingdom of God”  Many Protestant leaders followed Rauschenbusch's program and began to urge for the end of child labor and shorter workweeks.

23. Progressive Programs

24. Settlement House Workers Aid the Urban Poor.  Settlement House, a community center that provided social services to the urban poor.  Jane Addams, became a leading figure in the settlement house movement. She was inspired by the work at Toynbee Hall, a “settlement house” in London. Addams opened Hull House in Chicago.

25. Protecting Children and Improving Education  Progressives tried to better children’s lives by improving education.  States began passing laws requiring children to attend school until a certain age.  The next issue was what children should learn in school. (some say work skills others say literature and music) Most educators say boys should learn different than boys.  John Dewey criticized American Schools for teaching children to memorize facts but not think creatively.  Leading the effort for helping children was Florence Kelley, convinced Illinois to ban child labor and other states soon followed.  Kelley helped form the National Child Labor Committee, which successfully lobbied the federal government to create the U.S. Children’s Bureau 1912.

26. Progressives Help Industrial Workers  Progressives also persuaded some states to pass laws limiting the workday to 10 hours.  1900’s, the U.S. had the highest rate of industrial accidents in the world.  Long hours  Poor ventilation  Hazardous fumes  Unsafe machines threaten not only the health of workers but their lives. 30,00o workers died on the job each year.

27. How did progressives work to help the urban poor?  Progressives helped the urban poor by establishing settlement houses that provided crucial services. Progressives also worked to end child labor, improve education, and improve workplace conditions.

28. Reforming Government  Progressives also pushed for election reforms. Traditionally it was the party leaders who picked candidates for state and local offices.  Wisconsin reform governor Robert M. La Follette established a Direct Primary, an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.  Progressives wanted to make sure that elected officials would follow citizens wishes so they came up with 3 other political reforms:  Initiative – gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens signatures.  Referendum – allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature.  Recall – give voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended.

29. The Limits of Progressivism

31. Discussion Review Questions 1. How do you think the Progressive Movement got its name? 2. How does the political cartoon (pg. 213) illustrate the problems with many city governments at the time? 3. Why was the work of the muckrakers so effective in bringing about reform? 4. Do you believe that tragic events still motivates reform? Why or why not and give an example of such. 5. How have present-day disasters demonstrated a need for government reform? 6. How did progressive reformers change local and state governments?

32. Section 2 Progressive Movement Women Make Progress

33. Today’s Objectives  Students will analyze the impact of changes in women’s education on women’s roles in society.  Student’s will explain what women did to win workers’ rights and to improve family life.  Students will evaluate the tactics women used to win passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

34. Key Terms and People  Florence Kelly  NCL  Temperance Movement  Margaret Sanger  Ida B. Wells  Suffrage  Carrie Chapman Catt  NAWSA  Alice Paul  Nineteenth Amendment

35. Why does this matter?  In the early 1900’s, a growing number of women were no longer content to have a limited role in society. Women activists helped bring about Progressive reforms and won the right to vote. In the years head, women would continue the struggle to expand their roles and rights.

36. SECTION FOCUS QUESTION How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?

37. Women’s Suffrage Movement

38. Progressive Women Expand Reforms  In the early 1900’s, a growing number of women wanted to do more than fulfill their roles as wives and mothers.  Education helped women to achieve their goals.  Armed with education and modern ideas, many middle-class white women began to tackle problems they saw in society.

39. Working Women Face Hardships  For most women working outside the home meant difficult jobs, with long hours and dangerous conditions.  Women were expected to hand over wages to their husbands, fathers, or brothers.  Many women labored in cigar or clothing factories.  Immigrants, African Americans, and women from rural areas worked as laundresses and servants.

40. Women Work for Changes in Family Life  A main goal of Progressives was to improve family life.  Temperance Movement promoted temperance, the practice of never drinking alcohol.  Members felt that alcohol often led men to spend their money on alcohol, neglect their families, and abuse their wives. Their work led to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment which outlawed the production and sale of alcohol.

41. Women work for Change in Family Life  Ida B. Wells, a black teacher helped form the National Association of Colored Women that aimed to help families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate.  Margaret Sanger thought that family life and women health would improve if mothers had few children.  Sanger opened the 1 st birth control clinic.

42. What steps did Women take to win workers’ rights?  Women Progressives succeeded several stats to reduce the number of work hours for women. Florence Kelley formed the Women’s Trade Union League, which worked for a minimum wage and an 8 hour work day, and created the first workers’ strike fund.

43. Women fight for the Right to vote  Suffrage – the right to vote  Carrie Chapman Catt traveled around the country urging women to join the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).  Catt was interested in recruiting wealthy, well- educated women.  As the suffrage movement gained ground, some women worked against it. The National Association Opposed to Women Suffrage (NAOS) believed that vote would take women’s attention away from family and volunteer work that benefited society.

44. The Nineteenth Amendment becomes Law  When the U.S. entered WWI, Catt and Kelley led the NAWSA to support the war effort.  June 1919, Congress approved the 19 th Amendment, which stated that the right to vote “shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.”  Alice Paul and Carrie Catt both claimed responsibility for the victory of the 19 th Amendment.

45. Discussion Review Questions 1. What hardships did women facing as they fought for the their rights and why did they want the right to vote? 2. Why was there so much resistance to women’s receiving the right to vote? 3. Why do you think women’s suffrage was legal in western states before becoming legal in much of the rest of the country? 4. How would voting help women change the conditions in which they worked?