2.  Civil Rights Movement(s)  Movement becomes a Crusade  President Johnson and the Great Society  Youth Movements

3.  Open Challenge Against Segregation and Discrimination  One of the Longest Battles of the 20th Century  Education, citizenship, voting, equal treatment under the law  Enforce the U.S. Constitution  Rights and self-determination

4.  Survived Great Depression and World War II  War for liberty and democracy  Veterans made sacrifices  Expected Changes in education, employment, and social equality

5.  Disenfranchised groups wanted “The American Dream” and part of Post WWII prosperity and growth  Baby Boom  Consumer culture  Growth in home ownership  G.I. Bill & college  Suburbanization  Highways and transportation

6.  Post-WWII CRMs were rooted in pre-WWII Civil Rights struggles  Mexican-Americans fought for integration  1945: Orange County parents Gonzalo & Felicitas Mendez won a class action lawsuit against segregated districts  1948: LULAC helped with Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District, which ended de jure segregation in Texas

8.  Corpus Christi, TX 1929  Self-defense against white supremacist groups  Equal opportunities in business, education  Voting rights & civil rights  Self-help & self-determination  Lawsuits through 1950s and 1960s  American, patriotic

9.  1948 Dr. Hector P. Garcia  Veterans benefits  Education, integration, poll tax, etc.  G.I. Bill, Civil Rights  Chamizal, Ambassador  Presidential Medal of Freedom  American G.I. forum fought for equality

10.  1946 Ada Sipuel: 1 st black women in Univ. Oklahoma law school  Phoenix refused to integrate schools  1952: Black students denied admission to Phoenix High School  Court negated segregation laws

11.  100,000 blacks in Topeka  Schools anchored the racial apartheid  20 children  Rev. Oliver Brown and daughter, Linda  Started 1951, reached U.S. Supreme Court in 1954

12.  Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, “Separate but equal” ruling for public institutions was unconstitutional  Big spark in Black Civil Rights Movement  Made schools central to civil rights  “All deliberate speed”

13.  Southern States Resisted Brown  Failure of Leadership in Congress & Executive branch to enforce  Southern Manifesto ◦ Statement of southern resistance  White Citizens’ Councils  “States Rights”  “Outsiders and agitators”

14.  Tradition, Old South, Civil War  States Rights  Blamed “Outsiders and agitators” for “stirring up our negros”  Fundamental hatred of blacks at foundation of southern society  Violated U.S. Constitution  No respect for Constitutional law

15.  Emmett Till  Mamie Bradley Till  Mississippi  “By Baby”  Whites attacked and murdered him  Sheriff involved

16.  Emmett Till’s Funeral, Chicago, Illinois, 1955  “Let the people see what they did to my boy!”  Jet Magazine, open casket photos

17.  Rosa Parks ◦ NAACP secretary, Civil Rights activist, test case  Grassroots organizing  Poor, working class, and middle class cooperation  Montgomery Improvement Association  Economic pressure to change social segregation  Supreme Court ordered integration

19.  Unknown preacher  Beliefs ◦ Mahatma Gandhi ◦ Nonviolence ◦ Confrontation ◦ Civil Disobedience ◦ Interracial Movement ◦ Whites Not Evil

20.  MLK  Role of religion and importance of the Church as an institution  Role of male preachers as leaders  Most Important Organization of Black Civil Rights Movement

21.  No integration  Gov. Orval Faubus  3 September 1957  Black students tried to integrate school  Mob violence  Pres. Eisenhower  1965: 10% of Blacks Attended Integrated Schools  http://www.teachertube.com/viewVide o.php?video_id=94820 http://www.teachertube.com/viewVide o.php?video_id=94820

23. CRM Activism Testing Segregation Provokes Violence from Southerners Media Coverage Force Gov’t to change laws

24.  1960 Greensboro, North Carolina  Four college students  Sit-In at Woolworth lunch counters

26.  Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)  Bi-racial bus rides on interstate busses into the South  Washington D.C. to New Orleans  Integrate public facilities in bus stations  Anniston, Alabama: firebombed bus and brutally beaten  Jailed, but raised awareness

31.  Tried to enroll at University of Miss.  1961  Riots and murder  President Kennedy involved  U.S. Marshalls

32.  Newspaper coverage of James Meredith entering Ole Miss

33.  “Most segregated city in the United States.”  MLK, SCLC and Project C “Confrontation”  Marches, sit-ins, boycots  Bull Connor, Commissioner of Public Safety  Massive reaction, violence, police  Hurt local economy, raised national awareness  Forced federal government to react  Led into the March on Washington  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9kT1yO4MGg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9kT1yO4MGg

34.  Shift in focus to the 15 th Amndmnt and voting rights  Challenge poll tax, literacy tests, fear, and other violations  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)  Bi-racial organizing

35.  March on Washington, 1963  Assassination of JFK  1964 Civil Rights Act ◦ Outlawed segregation in employment and public facilities  1965 Voting Rights Act ◦ Outlawed poll taxes and all discriminatory practices, provided federal protection for voting rights especially on the basis of race

36.  Struggle to fulfill U.S. Constitution  14 th and 15 th Amendments  Public facilities  Raise national awareness  Conscience of America  Non-violent civil disobedience  Civil Rights movement, states, federal government

37.  JFK and Lyndon Johnson  Programs to help the poor  Access to education and employment  Poverty is a personal failure  No discussion of institutional problems  Liberal and superficial  Cold War political environment

38.  Head Start ◦ Preschool  Upward Bound ◦ Disadvantaged and “troubled” youth  Job Corps ◦ High school retention  VISTA ◦ “Domestic Peace Corps”

39.  Aid to Families with Dependent Children  Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)  Clean Air Act (1963)  Wilderness Act (1964)  Clean Waters Act (1966)

40.  Medicare: 1965 assistance for elderly  Medicaid: 1966 welfare assistance, employment access  Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965  Housing and Urban Development  Department of Transportation

41.  Black Power, Brown Power, Red Power  Anger at U.S. international policy and domestic treatment of “minorities”  Tired of old CRM strategies ◦ Asking for US to give rights is a waste of time…and gets you killed  Institutional problems in US  Militant and nationalistic  Vietnam War and deaths

42.  Northern, urban context  Police, poverty, frustration w/ CRM  Nation of Islam  Nationalism  Self-Defense  Eventually, non-violence & bi-racial  Killed 1965

43.  Black Panther Party for Self Defense  Oakland, CA  Police Brutality  Racism  2 nd Amendment  Vietnam War  Community  Global view

44.  Farm worker struggles  Cesar Chavez & Delores Huerta  School walk-outs  Reis Lopez Tijerina and NM land grants  Corky Gonzalez  Brown Berets  War Moratorium

45.  “Triumph” of moderate reform  Best of “liberal” America  Media, states v. fed, violence & non- violence  Legislative strategies  Appearance of solving problems  Divisions within the movement  Context of Cold War