1. Water Chapter 11

2. 11-1 Water Resources Objectives 1. Describe the distribution of Earth’s water resources. 2.Explain why fresh water is one of Earth’s limited resources. 3.Describe the distribution of Earth’s surface water. 4.Describe the relationship between groundwater and surface water in a watershed.

3. Water Resources Water is essential to life on Earth. Water is essential to life on Earth. Two kinds of water found on Earth: Two kinds of water found on Earth: Fresh water Fresh water Salt water Salt water Most human uses for water, such as drinking and agriculture, require fresh water. Most human uses for water, such as drinking and agriculture, require fresh water.

4. Water Cycle Water is a renewable resource but freshwater is limited Water is a renewable resource but freshwater is limited Evaporation – condensation – precipitation-transpiration Evaporation – condensation – precipitation-transpiration

5. The Water Cycle

6. Global Water Distribution Saltwater97% Freshwater 3 %

7. Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land surface Fresh water on Earth’s land surface Cities build near rivers and major bodies of water Cities build near rivers and major bodies of water Supply drinking water, irrigation water, power, transpiration, etc. Supply drinking water, irrigation water, power, transpiration, etc.

8. Rivers Largest: Amazon River Largest: Amazon River Watersheds: area of land drained by a river Watersheds: area of land drained by a river

9. Watersheds

12. Groundwater Water beneath the Earth’s Surface Water beneath the Earth’s Surface Water table Water table Water reaches a level where rocks and soil or saturated Water reaches a level where rocks and soil or saturated Half of the United States population and 97% of rural residents depend on groundwater for their daily drinking water Half of the United States population and 97% of rural residents depend on groundwater for their daily drinking water

13. Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater

15. The Recharge Zone

16. Aquifers Aquifers Underground formations that contain water Underground formations that contain water rock, sand, and gravel rock, sand, and gravel Spore spaces in the rocks act like a sponge to hold water Spore spaces in the rocks act like a sponge to hold water

17. Example: Ogallala Aquifer in the Plains of US Example: Ogallala Aquifer in the Plains of US Holds 4 quadrillion liters of water (enough to cover US with.5 meters of water!) Holds 4 quadrillion liters of water (enough to cover US with.5 meters of water!) More than 174,000 sq miles More than 174,000 sq miles

18. porosity porosity amount of space between particles amount of space between particles

19. Permeability Permeability ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores. ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores.

20. Use of wells Use of wells Used for irrigation, drinking water, etc. Used for irrigation, drinking water, etc.

22. The main issues regarding groundwater in the Western half of the United States are that: The depletion rate is much higher than the recharge rate. The depletion rate is much higher than the recharge rate. There is groundwater contamination. There is groundwater contamination. High groundwater depletion rates harm ecosystems which is detrimental to biodiversity. High groundwater depletion rates harm ecosystems which is detrimental to biodiversity. States' groundwater regulations are too lenient and do not consider the multi-state nature of the resource. States' groundwater regulations are too lenient and do not consider the multi-state nature of the resource.

23. Water our most precious resource Water our most precious resource Water our most precious resource Water our most precious resource

24. 11-2 Water Use and Management Objectives 1.Identify patterns of global water use. 2.Explain how water is treated so that it can be used for drinking. 3.Identify how water is used in homes, in industry, and in agriculture. 4.Describe how dams and water diversion projects are used to manage freshwater resources. 5.Identify five ways that water can be conserved.

25. Shortage of fresh water is a huge environmental problem Shortage of fresh water is a huge environmental problem WHO states that 1 billion people world wide lack access to clean water WHO states that 1 billion people world wide lack access to clean water

26. Global Use Global Use Residential Residential Agriculture Agriculture Industrial Industrial Most fresh water is used for irrigation Most fresh water is used for irrigation

27. Residential Residential In the US the ave. person uses 300 L (80 G) / day In the US the ave. person uses 300 L (80 G) / day India only uses 41 L India only uses 41 L

28. Daily usage/person Daily usage/person Lawns95L Toilet90L Baths70L Brush Teeth10L Cleaning20L Cooking10L Other 5L

29. Water Treatment Water is treated to make it potable (drinkable) Water is treated to make it potable (drinkable) Removes mercury, arsenic, and lead (poisonous) Removes mercury, arsenic, and lead (poisonous) Pathogens (make you sick) Pathogens (make you sick)

30. Treatment process Treatment process 1 st filtration removes “big chunks” 1 st filtration removes “big chunks” Coagulation – addition of alum that bacteria clump to then sink to the bottom) Coagulation – addition of alum that bacteria clump to then sink to the bottom) 2 nd Filtration uses sand, gravel, and coal filters to remove other impurities 2 nd Filtration uses sand, gravel, and coal filters to remove other impurities

31. Chlorination prevents bacteria contamination Chlorination prevents bacteria contamination Aeration forces air to remove gases and improve smells Aeration forces air to remove gases and improve smells Additional treatment for taste Additional treatment for taste

32. Charleston's Water Treatment Process Charleston's Water Treatment Process Charleston's Water Treatment Process Charleston's Water Treatment Process

33. Industrial Water use Industrial Water use 19% of water used in the world 19% of water used in the world Used in manufacturing, disposal, power generation, cooling Used in manufacturing, disposal, power generation, cooling

34. Agriculture Agriculture 300 L used for 1 Ear of Corn to grow 300 L used for 1 Ear of Corn to grow Water used for irrigation Water used for irrigation 67% of world’s water usage 67% of world’s water usage

35. Water management practice Roman Aqueducts Roman Aqueducts French and Spanish canals French and Spanish canals Water Diversion Water Diversion Diverts water from major rivers Diverts water from major rivers Colorado River Colorado River

36. http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p rocess_large.htm http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p rocess_large.htm http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p rocess_large.htm http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p rocess_large.htm

37. Dams and Reservoirs Dams and Reservoirs Dams are structures that are used to control river flow Dams are structures that are used to control river flow Reservoirs hold water behind dams Reservoirs hold water behind dams Used to create power, irrigation, drinking water Used to create power, irrigation, drinking water

39. Problems: fertile sediment is trapped, natural flow of river stopped, flooded land, failed dams Problems: fertile sediment is trapped, natural flow of river stopped, flooded land, failed dams

40. Water Conservation Water Conservation different types of irrigation (drip) different types of irrigation (drip) Industry is recycling water used Industry is recycling water used Home Home How can you conserve water usage at home????

42. Future Future Desalination – very costly; heats salt water and collects water that evaporates Desalination – very costly; heats salt water and collects water that evaporates Transportation of fresh water – Icebergs Transportation of fresh water – Icebergs

44. 11-3 Water Pollution Objectives 1.Compare point-source pollution and nonpoint- source pollution. 2.Classify water pollutants by five types. 3.Explain why groundwater pollution is difficult to clean. 4.Describe the major sources of ocean pollution, and explain the effects of pollution on ecosystems. 5.Describe six major laws designed to improve water quality in the United States.

45. Water Pollution Introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrades quality Introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrades quality Main causes: industrialization and population growth Main causes: industrialization and population growth

46. Sources Sources Point-Source Pollution Point-Source Pollution Discharge from a single source Discharge from a single source

47. Septic tanks, leaky storage lagoons, unlined landfills, leaky underground chemical storage tanks, abandoned mine water, discharge from treatment plants Septic tanks, leaky storage lagoons, unlined landfills, leaky underground chemical storage tanks, abandoned mine water, discharge from treatment plants

48. Non point pollution Non point pollution Many different sources Many different sources Road chemicals (salt, etc), streets (gas, antifreeze), pesticides, herbicides, refrigerator and air conditioner coolants, livestock feed yards, acid rain, construction sites, oil/ gas from boats Road chemicals (salt, etc), streets (gas, antifreeze), pesticides, herbicides, refrigerator and air conditioner coolants, livestock feed yards, acid rain, construction sites, oil/ gas from boats

50. Pollutant Types Pollutant Types Pathogens Pathogens Organics Organics Inorganics Inorganics Heavy metals Heavy metals Physical agents Physical agents

51. Waste Water Waste Water Water is treated enough to release it back into lakes and streams Water is treated enough to release it back into lakes and streams Sludge is usually burned Sludge is usually burned

52. Waste Water Treatment Waste Water Treatment Waste Water Treatment Waste Water Treatment

53. Artificial Eutrophication Artificial Eutrophication Caused by humans Caused by humans Acceleration of natural process Acceleration of natural process Caused by extra nutrients being added to bodies of water Caused by extra nutrients being added to bodies of water

55. Thermal Pollution Thermal Pollution Temperature of body of water increases Temperature of body of water increases Reduces levels of dissolved Oxygen so fish will die Reduces levels of dissolved Oxygen so fish will die

57. Groundwater Pollution Groundwater Pollution Percolates from surface Percolates from surface Can come from underground storage tanks Can come from underground storage tanks Hard to clean up because recharge is slow Hard to clean up because recharge is slow

59. Ocean pollution Ocean pollution Oils spills Oils spills Cruise ships Cruise ships 7 billion kg of garbage is dumped every year! 7 billion kg of garbage is dumped every year! 85% of ocean pollutions comes from activities on land (oils, pesticides, fertilizers) 85% of ocean pollutions comes from activities on land (oils, pesticides, fertilizers)

60. Ocean pollution Ocean pollution Ocean pollution Ocean pollution

65. Rena Oil Spill, New Zealand

66. Three oiled rockhopper penguins on the Tristan da Cunha island chain. Thousands of endangered penguins have been coated with oil after a cargo ship ran aground and broke up on a remote British South Atlantic territory.