1. Water Chapter 11 Environmental Science

2. Global Water Distribution 71 % of Earth’s surface is covered in water 71 % of Earth’s surface is covered in water 97% of the water is salt water 97% of the water is salt water 3% of the water is fresh water 3% of the water is fresh water ¾ of the freshwater is glaciers and polar icecaps ¾ of the freshwater is glaciers and polar icecaps 1/5 of the freshwater is groundwater (for human use) 1/5 of the freshwater is groundwater (for human use) Very small amount is other freshwater Very small amount is other freshwater The Water Cycle The Water Cycle Water is a renewable resource that is circulated through the water cycle. Water is a renewable resource that is circulated through the water cycle. Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation

3. Surface Water Fresh water that is on the Earth’s land surface Fresh water that is on the Earth’s land surface Lakes Lakes Rivers Rivers Streams Streams Wetlands Wetlands People built cities and towns near sources of water People built cities and towns near sources of water People depend on sources of water for daily life and recreational purposes People depend on sources of water for daily life and recreational purposes

4. River System Flowing network of water Flowing network of water 1. Water falls as rain or snow melts 2. Streams form as water collects from mountains, hills, plateaus and plains 3. Streams run into rivers 4. River becomes larger and larger Largest river system in the world is ………….. The Amazon River

5. Watersheds Area of land drained by a river Area of land drained by a river Pollution anywhere in a watershed can pollute the river Pollution anywhere in a watershed can pollute the river The amount of water in a watershed varies due to… The amount of water in a watershed varies due to… Seasons (ex. melting snow fall) Seasons (ex. melting snow fall) Amount of rainfall recently Amount of rainfall recently Figure 3 on pages 270-271 Figure 3 on pages 270-271

6. Groundwater Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations Water table Water table Level where rocks and soil are saturated with water Level where rocks and soil are saturated with water Level varies depending on biome Level varies depending on biome Desert has low water table level Desert has low water table level Wet biomes have a high water table level – close to the surface Wet biomes have a high water table level – close to the surface Aquifers Aquifers Underground formation that stores groundwater Underground formation that stores groundwater Made of rock, sand and gravel Made of rock, sand and gravel The water table is the upper boundary of an aquifer The water table is the upper boundary of an aquifer Holds water very similar to a sponge Holds water very similar to a sponge Important source of water for cities and agriculture Important source of water for cities and agriculture

7. Groundwater, cont. Porosity Porosity The amount of space between the particles that make up a rock The amount of space between the particles that make up a rock Rocks appear to be solid but actually have pores Rocks appear to be solid but actually have pores The more pores a rock has, the more water it holds The more pores a rock has, the more water it holds Permeability Permeability The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it Permeable – gravel (allows water to flow through) Permeable – gravel (allows water to flow through) Impermeable – clay or granite (doesn’t allow water through) Impermeable – clay or granite (doesn’t allow water through)

8. Groundwater, cont. The recharge zone The recharge zone Layers of the Earth’s surface that allows water down to the aquifers Layers of the Earth’s surface that allows water down to the aquifers Pollution in the recharge zone can also reach the aquifer Pollution in the recharge zone can also reach the aquifer Buildings and parking lots will not allow water down into the recharge zone Buildings and parking lots will not allow water down into the recharge zone Aquifers can take up to tens of thousands of years to recharge (refill with water) Aquifers can take up to tens of thousands of years to recharge (refill with water)

9. Groundwater, cont. Wells Wells A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater More reliable source of water than surface water More reliable source of water than surface water Water from a well is filtered and more pure Water from a well is filtered and more pure Wells are drilled below the water table level Wells are drilled below the water table level Well will dry up if water table level falls below the bottom of the well Well will dry up if water table level falls below the bottom of the well

10. Assignment Section 1 Review Section 1 Review Page 275 Page 275 # 1-6 # 1-6

11. Water Use and Management Global Water Use Global Water Use Residential use Residential use Agricultural use Agricultural use Industrial use Industrial use

12. Residential Water Use Use of water for homes and household activities Use of water for homes and household activities Average person in US uses 300 L per day Average person in US uses 300 L per day Average person in India uses 41 L per day Average person in India uses 41 L per day Water treatment Water treatment Potable water Potable water Water that is safe to drink Water that is safe to drink Removes poisons (mercury, lead) from water Removes poisons (mercury, lead) from water Removes pathogens Removes pathogens Organisms that cause illness or disease Organisms that cause illness or disease Added to water from sewage or animal feces contamination Added to water from sewage or animal feces contamination

13. Drinking Water Treatment 1. First Filtration 1. First Filtration Filtered to remove large organisms and trash Filtered to remove large organisms and trash 2. Coagulation 2. Coagulation Chemicals added to mix with impurities Chemicals added to mix with impurities 3. Second Filtration 3. Second Filtration Impurities are filtered out Impurities are filtered out 4. Chlorination 4. Chlorination Chlorine added to prevent bacteria from growing Chlorine added to prevent bacteria from growing 5. Aeration 5. Aeration Forced air is added to reduce odor and improve taste Forced air is added to reduce odor and improve taste 6. Additional Treatment 6. Additional Treatment Fluoride may be added at this step Fluoride may be added at this step Water is then pumped to homes and businesses Water is then pumped to homes and businesses

14. Industrial Water Use 19 % of the water use in the world 19 % of the water use in the world Used to…. Used to…. Manufacture goods Manufacture goods Dispose of waste Dispose of waste Generate power Generate power Most water used for industrial use is used to cool power plants Most water used for industrial use is used to cool power plants They pump water from a river or a lake They pump water from a river or a lake Water is returned to its source clean and not polluted Water is returned to its source clean and not polluted

15. Agricultural Water Use 67 % of water used in the world 67 % of water used in the world Irrigation Irrigation Method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation Method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation Types of irrigation Types of irrigation Shallow, water-filled ditches Shallow, water-filled ditches High-pressure overhead sprinklers High-pressure overhead sprinklers Inefficient because almost ½ of water evaporates before getting to the plant roots Inefficient because almost ½ of water evaporates before getting to the plant roots

16. Water Management Projects Projects designed to meet the water needs of the people in that area Projects designed to meet the water needs of the people in that area Main reasons for a water project Main reasons for a water project Bring in water to make a dry area inhabitable Bring in water to make a dry area inhabitable Create a reservoir for recreation or drinking water Create a reservoir for recreation or drinking water Generate electric power Generate electric power

17. Water Management Projects, etc. Water Diversion Projects Water Diversion Projects Water from a river being diverted into canals to go great distances Water from a river being diverted into canals to go great distances This is how water is supplied to dry regions This is how water is supplied to dry regions Dams Dams Structure built across a river to control its flow Structure built across a river to control its flow Reservoir Reservoir Artificial lake that is created behind a dam Artificial lake that is created behind a dam Benefits to a reservoir Benefits to a reservoir Flood control Flood control Drinking water Drinking water Irrigation Irrigation Recreation Recreation Industry use Industry use Generate electrical energy Generate electrical energy

18. Effects of Dams and Reservoirs Floods behind the dam Floods behind the dam Sediments are left closer to the dam in the reservoir Sediments are left closer to the dam in the reservoir Sediment can’t enrich the land further down the river Sediment can’t enrich the land further down the river Failure of the dam Failure of the dam

19. Water Conservation In agriculture In agriculture Drip irrigation Drip irrigation Delivering small amounts of water directly to plant roots Delivering small amounts of water directly to plant roots Tubing is used to apply the water Tubing is used to apply the water Water is released to the plants at a controlled rate Water is released to the plants at a controlled rate In industry In industry Recycling of cooling water and wastewater Recycling of cooling water and wastewater Cities are paying small businesses to conserve water Cities are paying small businesses to conserve water

20. Water Conservation, cont. In the home In the home Changing daily habits to conserve water Changing daily habits to conserve water Take shorter showers Take shorter showers Don’t let water run while brushing your teeth Don’t let water run while brushing your teeth Water your lawn sparingly Water your lawn sparingly Water-saving technology Water-saving technology Low-flow toilets and shower heads Low-flow toilets and shower heads Water landscapes at night Water landscapes at night Reduces the amount of water lost to evaporation Reduces the amount of water lost to evaporation Xeriscaping Xeriscaping Designing a landscape that requires minimal water use Designing a landscape that requires minimal water use

21. Solutions for the Future Desalination Desalination Process of removing salt from salt water Process of removing salt from salt water Countries near the coast will create fresh water this way Countries near the coast will create fresh water this way Expensive way to get water – take a lot of energy Expensive way to get water – take a lot of energy Transporting Water Transporting Water Shipping in freshwater to places that do not have a large enough supply Shipping in freshwater to places that do not have a large enough supply Example – Islands in the Mediterranean Sea Example – Islands in the Mediterranean Sea

22. Assignment Section 2 Review Section 2 Review Page 283 Page 283 #2-4, 6 #2-4, 6

23. Water Pollution Introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that lower the water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water Introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that lower the water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water Two main underlying causes of water pollution Two main underlying causes of water pollution Industrialization Industrialization Rapid human population growth Rapid human population growth

24. Sources of Water Pollution Point-Source Pollution Point-Source Pollution Pollution discharged from a single source Pollution discharged from a single source Examples Examples Factory Factory Wastewater treatment plant Wastewater treatment plant Leaking oil tanker Leaking oil tanker Nonpoint-Source Pollution Nonpoint-Source Pollution Pollution from many different sources Pollution from many different sources Often hard to identify the sources Often hard to identify the sources Example Example Chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers added to farms, lawns, etc. Chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers added to farms, lawns, etc. Then runoff occurs Then runoff occurs Public awareness of how to properly handle chemicals etc. is one way to try to control the problem Public awareness of how to properly handle chemicals etc. is one way to try to control the problem

25. Water Pollutants Pathogens Pathogens Disease-causing organisms Disease-causing organisms Organic matter Organic matter Plant and animal remains and feces Plant and animal remains and feces Organic chemicals Organic chemicals Pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Inorganic chemicals Inorganic chemicals Acids, bases, salts Acids, bases, salts Heavy metals Heavy metals Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic Physical agents Physical agents Heat and suspended solids Heat and suspended solids

26. Wastewater Water that contains waste from homes or industry Water that contains waste from homes or industry Treating wastewater Treating wastewater Figure 17 on page 287 Figure 17 on page 287 Most home wastewater contains biodegradable material Most home wastewater contains biodegradable material Material that can be broken down by living organisms Material that can be broken down by living organisms Some industrial wastewater contains toxic substances that are not easy to remove Some industrial wastewater contains toxic substances that are not easy to remove

27. Wastewater, cont. Sewage sludge Sewage sludge Solid material that remains after treatment Solid material that remains after treatment If sludge has high level of toxic chemicals, it must be removed as hazardous waste. If sludge has high level of toxic chemicals, it must be removed as hazardous waste. Often it is burned and the ash is taken to a landfill Often it is burned and the ash is taken to a landfill Sludge can be used as fertilizers Sludge can be used as fertilizers Toxicity of sludge has to be at a safe level Toxicity of sludge has to be at a safe level Sludge can be combined with clay to make bricks Sludge can be combined with clay to make bricks

28. Artificial Eutrophication Eutrophication caused by humans Eutrophication caused by humans When organic matter builds up in a body of water, it begins to decay When organic matter builds up in a body of water, it begins to decay This process used up oxygen This process used up oxygen As the oxygen level decreases, the types of organisms will change over time As the oxygen level decreases, the types of organisms will change over time More plants will begin to grow More plants will begin to grow Eventually the body of water will become a swamp or a marsh Eventually the body of water will become a swamp or a marsh

29. Artificial Eutrophication Causes Causes Fertilizers from farms, lawns and gardens Fertilizers from farms, lawns and gardens Phosphates in some laundry and dishwashing detergents Phosphates in some laundry and dishwashing detergents Algal blooms can occur Algal blooms can occur Occur from excessive amount of phosphorus Occur from excessive amount of phosphorus

30. Thermal Pollution When the temperature of a body of water increases When the temperature of a body of water increases Can occur when power plants use water in their cooling systems and then discharge the warmer water back into the lake or river Can occur when power plants use water in their cooling systems and then discharge the warmer water back into the lake or river Can cause large fish kills Can cause large fish kills As the temperature rises, the amount of oxygen decreases As the temperature rises, the amount of oxygen decreases Aquatic plants and animals will begin to suffocate and die Aquatic plants and animals will begin to suffocate and die

31. Groundwater Pollution Groundwater becomes polluted when polluted surface water percolates down from the Earth’s surface. Groundwater becomes polluted when polluted surface water percolates down from the Earth’s surface. Pesticides & herbicides Pesticides & herbicides Chemical fertilizers Chemical fertilizers Petroleum products Petroleum products Leaking underground storage tanks Leaking underground storage tanks Gas stations, farms, homes Gas stations, farms, homes These tanks age over time and sometimes aren’t located until they pollute the groundwater These tanks age over time and sometimes aren’t located until they pollute the groundwater

32. Cleaning Groundwater Pollution If all groundwater pollution could be stopped If all groundwater pollution could be stopped Groundwater would still remain polluted for years Groundwater would still remain polluted for years Hard to eliminate pollution Hard to eliminate pollution Groundwater recharges very slowly Groundwater recharges very slowly Water is located in layers of rock and sand – hard to get to Water is located in layers of rock and sand – hard to get to Pollution can cling to material in an aquifer Pollution can cling to material in an aquifer Water can be pumped out and cleaned but pollutants may still be in the aquifer Water can be pumped out and cleaned but pollutants may still be in the aquifer

33. Ocean Pollution Human activities on land Human activities on land 85% of ocean pollution is from the land 85% of ocean pollution is from the land The rest is direct pollution from ships, etc. The rest is direct pollution from ships, etc. Oil spills Oil spills Accidental oil spills Accidental oil spills Only 5% of oil that pollutes the ocean Only 5% of oil that pollutes the ocean Oil pollution from cities and towns Oil pollution from cities and towns From non-point sources like runoff From non-point sources like runoff

34. Water Pollution and Ecosystems Toxic chemicals spills can kill organisms for miles and miles downstream Toxic chemicals spills can kill organisms for miles and miles downstream Pollutants do not decompose quickly Pollutants do not decompose quickly Biomagnification Biomagnification Accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain Accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain Pollutants can be passed from one organism to another when it is eaten by it Pollutants can be passed from one organism to another when it is eaten by it

35. Cleaning Up Water Pollution Clean Water Act of 1972 Clean Water Act of 1972 Goal was to make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming by 1983 Goal was to make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming by 1983 Goal was not achieved Goal was not achieved However, much progress has been made However, much progress has been made Many states have stricter water quality standards Many states have stricter water quality standards Toxic metals are removed from wastewater before being discharged Toxic metals are removed from wastewater before being discharged Individuals, businesses and government need to all work together to keep striving for cleaner water Individuals, businesses and government need to all work together to keep striving for cleaner water

36. Assignment Section 3 Review Section 3 Review Page 293 Page 293 #1-4 #1-4

37. Chapter 11 Review Pages 295-297 Pages 295-297 # 6-25, 33-34 # 6-25, 33-34