1. 7.8 The student knows that natural events and human activity can impact Earth Systems [C] model the effects of human activity on groundwater and surface water in a watershed

2. The Water Cycle 1.Sun evaporates water 2.Water condenses into clouds 3.Water evaporates and rises 4.Water condenses and falls as precipitation 5.Water flows over the land and collects in bodies such as river, lakes, seas or soaks into the ground

3. Groundwater Water that soaks into the ground and collects in pores and empty spaces inside rock is groundwater The zone of saturation is the rock layer that is completely filled with groundwater.

4. Spaces in rock Pores are spaces in rock that allow water to flow through. Permeable rock has many well-connected pores and cracks that allows groundwater to flow through.

5. In the ground The water table is the upper layer of the zone of saturation where the pore spaces are filled with water. Wells are dug or drilled into the ground to pull up groundwater from an aquifer. If the water table drops during a drought or from overuse of the aquifer, wells may run dry.

6. What is the source of groundwater? Surface water that falls to the ground as precipitation will flow over the ground in streams and rivers before collecting in larger bodies of water such as lakes, seas, and oceans. Surface water can soak into the ground and become groundwater.

7. How can surface pollutants contaminate groundwater? Contaminants from the surface can runoff the land into streams and also soak into the ground to contaminate the groundwater in an area. Litter Motor oil and gasoline Chemical waste Fertilizer and animal waste Air pollution Industry Land fills Pesticides

8. How does contamination move underground? Pollutants that seep into the ground will flow downward with the flow of groundwater. Contaminants form a plume that can corrupt wells and drinking water in a region.

9. How does permeability affect the movement of water? Permeable rock allows water to flow through. Water gradually flows down a slope in a watershed. Water that comes in contact with impermeable rock layers will be stopped or trapped and stop flowing.

10. Aquifer An aquifer is a layer of permeable rock that water flows through. Impermeable rock stops water from moving downward so that it collects in the aquifer.

11. How can polluted surface water and groundwater affect humans? People are the largest cause of polluted water Plastics Fertilizers and pesticides Sewage and septic systems Trash and landfills Agricultural runoff Industrial or chemical storage tanks Etc…

12. How does man extract groundwater?

13. Subsidence in our area

14. How does subsidence occur? Ground can sink or settle when groundwater is pumped out. Layers of rock can sink when minerals are mined or oil and gas are removed from layers of rock.

15. Watershed A watershed is an area where water drains into a waterway such as a stream, river, lake, aquifer, or sea. This water begins as precipitation which runs off (runoff water) the land and down slopes.

16. What is a Watershed An area of land where surface water and groundwater drain into a particular body of water, separated from each other by drainage divides Drainage divides are just areas of higher ground surrounding a watershed region