1. Unpacking Mathematics F–6

2. Overview of session Overview and summary of changes Victorian Curriculum Foundation–10 website Algorithms and coding Sample activities Questions

3. Victorian Curriculum F–10 Released in September 2015 as a central component of the Education State Provides a stable foundation for the development and implementation of whole-school teaching and learning programs The Victorian Curriculum F–10 incorporates the Australian Curriculum and reflects Victorian priorities and standards http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/

4. Aims The Mathematics curriculum aims to ensure that students: develop useful mathematical and numeracy skills for everyday life, work and as active and critical citizens in a technological world see connections and apply mathematical concepts, skills and processes to pose and solve problems in mathematics and in other disciplines and contexts acquire specialist knowledge and skills in mathematics that provide for further study in the discipline appreciate mathematics as a discipline – its history, ideas, problems and applications, aesthetics and philosophy.

5. Structure Strands and sub-strands (no change) Number and AlgebraMeasurement and Geometry Statistics and Probability Number and place valueUsing units of measurement Chance Fractions and decimalsShapeData representation and interpretation Real numbersGeometric reasoning Money and financial mathematics Location and transformation Patterns and algebraPythagoras and trigonometry Linear and non-­linear relationships

6. Structure Achievement standards The first achievement standard at Foundation and then at Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The curriculum also provides an optional Level 10A, which is intended for students working at Level 10 requiring further mathematical studies. A curriculum for students with disabilities is provided in this learning area.

7. Summary of changes Mathematics in the Victorian Curriculum F-10 is substantially similar to AusVELS Mathematics with the majority of the curriculum unchanged. The level descriptions have all been revised to more fully articulate the proficiencies of understanding, fluency, reasoning and problem solving in relation to the content descriptions and achievement standards The curriculum has been strengthened with the addition of content relating to algorithms and coding in the Patterns and algebra sub-strand of the Number and Algebra strand at each level. A small number of new content descriptions and elaborations have been developed, and a small number of existing content descriptions and elaborations revised, at various levels to enhance the coherence, consistency and completeness of the curriculum.

8. Summary of changes - Strands Number and Algebra - strengthened the use of mental estimates for calculations, and coverage of simple non- linear relations and solving equations, and incorporation of algorithms and coding. Measurement and Geometry - makes explicit inverse relations between quantities in measurement formulas and incorporate patterns in the plane arising from congruent transformations. Statistics and Probability - clarifies terminology and strengthen consideration of the effect of outliers on measures of centre (location) and spread.

9. Key messages Reporting progress in Mathematics These changes do not cause a break in reporting data and student progress can be shown from AusVELS Mathematics to the Victorian Curriculum F–10 Mathematics. Reporting in Mathematics indicates progress against the age-expected levels of achievement. This can be shown/described in a manner consistent with your reporting format.

10. VCAA website http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Pages/foundation10/f10index.aspx

11. Activity 1 What context would you use to teach this content? Focus: Level 6 – Measurement and geometry Content description Investigate the effect of combinations of transformations on simple and composite shapes, including creating tessellations, with and without the use of digital technologies (VCMMG229)(VCMMG229) Elaborations understanding which attributes of a shape remain the same or change under the effects of transformations such as size, shape or orientation creating tessellations with simple shapes or simple composite shapes Possible context Brick or paver patterns for a patio or driveway are a particular type of tessellation, based on a rectangle shape, for example: http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/brick/patterns.html http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/brick/patterns.html Use Lego rectangles or similar to construct some tessellations based on herringbone, basket-weave and bond patterns.

12. Algorithms and coding - new At each level Foundation – 10/10A a single new content description related to algorithms and coding in mathematics with two elaborations has been included The new content descriptions are located in the Patterns and algebra sub-strand of the Number and Algebra strand They relate to existing mathematical content They complement, and are aligned with the Victorian Digital Technologies curriculum (see: http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/technologies/di gital-technologies/curriculum/f-10 http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/technologies/di gital-technologies/curriculum/f-10

13. Frequently asked question For the new content on algorithms and coding, is it expected that a particular approach, platform or language is used? No. Various approaches to developing and coding algorithms can be used and may involve natural language, structured language or pseudo-code or a formal programming language. Algorithms can be implemented by acting out a script, using robots, and various technologies, software and applications. These should be employed as suits the level at which the student is working, and the nature of the activity or task.

14. Some terms Algorithm - A well-defined set of instructions designed to perform a particular task or solve a type of problem, such as determining which of two fractions is larger, bisecting an angle, or calculating the mean of a set of numbers. Coding - A process by which algorithms are represented and implemented. Sequence - An ordered set of elements such as numbers, instructions or objects. Decision - A process by which a selection or choice is made from a set of alternatives, such as halving a selected number if it is even or doubling a selected number if it is odd. Iteration - The repetition of a process a specified number of times, or until a condition is satisfied, such as subtracting 4 from 27 six times or subtracting 4 from 27 until the result is less than 4.

15. Activity 2 What context would you use to teach this content? Focus: Level 4 – Number and algebra Content description Define a simple class of problems and solve them using an effective algorithm that involves a short sequence of steps and decisions (VCMNA164)(VCMNA164) Elaborations  constructing and applying an algorithm for multiplication of two-digit numbers  partitioning and ordering a set of Australian coins by denomination Activity A team of charity collectors has a large collection of donations of mixed Australian coins. Provide a set of instructions (an algorithm) so that each member of the team can efficiently sort and order the coins in their collection by denomination. Stimulus questions How might someone who is blind carry out the sorting? How do bank coin counting machines work?

16. Activity 3 Understanding the curriculum Find the largest (smallest, ‘middle’) number in a set of positive integers (Related content descriptions are: … and … and …) Step 1: The following set of fifty positive integers between 0 and 100 has been (pseudo) randomly generated: Identify the largest, smallest and ‘middle’ numbers and then think about how you would describe the process you used so that someone else could apply it effectively to any other similarly generated set of random numbers.

17. Activity 3.. continued Step 2: Now apply this algorithm to the following set of numbers:

18. Activity 4 Understanding the curriculum How do you find your way through a maze? (Related content descriptions are: … and … and …) Step 1: Try this one for starters, it is the famous Hampton Court maze in the UK: S = start F = finish By TreasuryTag at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12819951 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12819951 For a MineCraft version see: http://www.planetminecraft.com/project/hampton-court-palace-maze/http://www.planetminecraft.com/project/hampton-court-palace-maze/

19. Activity 4... continued Step 2: Describe your strategy for ‘doing a maze’. Would this work for all types of mazes? The following are some references/resources that may be useful: http://www.melbourneplaygrounds.com.au/melbourneplaygrounds- info.php?id=22655http://www.melbourneplaygrounds.com.au/melbourneplaygrounds- info.php?id=22655 http://www.education.com/worksheet-generator/just-for- fun/maze/?gclid=CO7G8Kv-nswCFQ4DvAodOUMOEA&gclsrc=aw.dshttp://www.education.com/worksheet-generator/just-for- fun/maze/?gclid=CO7G8Kv-nswCFQ4DvAodOUMOEA&gclsrc=aw.ds http://www.family-getaways-melbourne.com/maze-gardens.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_solving_algorithm

20. Resources The VCAA is updating the set of support resources for schools and teachers to implement the Victorian Curriculum Mathematics. These will be published progressively on the Foundation – 10 section of the VCAA website. The following website has resources and professional learning materials related to algorithms and coding. Code.org is a non-profit US organization that provides a range of learning resources and free curriculum materials related to coding in the school curriculum: https://code.org/educate/curriculum https://code.org/educate/curriculum

21. Resources... continued Computer Science Unplugged CS Unplugged is a project of the Computer Science Education Research Group at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. The project has developed a range of free resources and activities ​ (note: large pdf download) that cover concepts, skills and processes involving computational thinking and algorithms independently of implementation by particular digital technology or programming language. Many of the examples, problems and activities used are mathematical in nature and relate closely to the Victorian Curriculum Mathematics, in particular the primary years. ​Computer Science Unpluggedfree resources and activities ​ The Australian Mathematics Trust (AMT) is a not-for-profit organisation which provides a range of competitions, teaching resources and professional learning opportunities in mathematics, computational thinking and algorithmics. ​ The Computational and Algorithmic Thinking (CAT) competition provides an introduction to algorithms without the need to understand programming, and the online version of this competition is currently free to schools. ​Australian Mathematics Trust (AMT)Computational and Algorithmic Thinking (CAT) competition

22. Contact For queries related to Mathematics, contact: Dr David Leigh-Lancaster Mathematics Curriculum Manager Email: leigh- lancaster.david.d@edumail.vic.gov.auleigh- lancaster.david.d@edumail.vic.gov.au Telephone: (03) 9032 1690