1. T I T A N I U M in PULP Mills today Bob Gill ELLETT Industries Ltd.

2. Brief History of Paper  The history of paper begins in the Nile valley of Egypt.

3. AD 105  The Real birth place of Paper, as we know it, was in China.

4. AD 610  This new Technology spread throughout Asia, then westward to Arabia, North Africa and on to Europe.

5. 14th CENTURY  In the course of the rapid expansion of trade in the late Middle Ages, more and more merchants dealt in the commodity called ‘paper’.

6. God’s Hand  However the greatest change in the demand for paper came when Johann Gutenburg perfected movable type and printed his famous “Bible” in 1456.

7. 19th & 20th CENTURIES  The history of the paper production in the 19th and 20th centuries can be broken down into five partly overlapping periods, each marked by definite trends.

8. First Stage  (approx. 1800 to 1860)  all work sequences previously performed by hand were mechanized

9. Second Stage  (approx.1840 to 1880)  efforts were made to obtain rag substitutes on an industrial scale

10. Third Stage  (approx.1860 to 1950)  Marked by the enlargement of the web width, an increase in working speeds, the introduction of electric drive and further improvements to various machine parts.

11. Fourth Stage  (approx.1950 to 1980)  Still dependent on the old methods as far as the mechanics were concerned, however this era brought unprecedented changes in papermaking.

12. Today & the Future  The fifth stage leads us into the future.  The evolution of new sheet-forming principles and chemical pulp processes are continually being improved.

13. Paper Making As we know it Today

14. Paper Making - A 3 Step process  Identify source of cellulose fibre  Produce usable cellulose fibres  Make paper

15. Making Paper  The majority of material used in the pulp mill process is Stainless Steel  HOWEVER in the PULP BLEACHING process more corrosive resistant material choices are required

16. Paper Bleaching  WHY BLEACH  Very simply we like white paper

17. Methods of Bleaching  Chlorine bleaching has given way to three new, often combined, methods:  Ozone (O 3 )  Peroxide  Chlorine Dioxide (ClO 2 )

18. Ozone (O 3 ) and Peroxide  Both are more costly methods than ClO 2 and are thus best used in combination with ClO 2.

19. Chlorine Dioxide  To produce ClO 2, Sodium Chlorate must first be produced  This process requires Titanium Reactors and Titanium Piping

20. Integrated ClO 2 plants  Much of the integrated technology requires Titanium

21. Chlorine Dioxide (ClO 2 )  The closed system of Chlorine Dioxide bleaching, while improving environmental impact, leads to more Chlorides in the system and therefore more potential for corrosion.

22. ClO 2 & Titanium  The corrosion resistance of Titanium comes from its thin, but protective, oxide film.  Solutions containing chlorides, like those found in Pulp & Paper producing processes, cause severe corrosion to many materials.  Titanium offers unique advantages.

23. ClO 2 & Titanium - Benefits  Fantastic corrosion resistance.  Markedly lower maintenance and operation costs.  Can offer further protection for corrosive external environments.

24. ClO 2 & Titanium - Considerations  Higher start-up costs  Lower maximum operating temperature

25. Titanium Design Criteria  Maximum allowable design temperature for Titanium is 600 F  At 500 F allowable stress value is 7,600 psi  Recent code case  Increase allowable stress value to 8,800 psi at 500 F  This is for Gr.2 Titanium only

26. Fabricating with Titanium  Material Availability  Ease of Fabrication  Maintenance

27. Titanium Availability

28. Grades of Titanium  Choose wisely  Even Titanium is not invincible

29. Titanium Fabrication  For the experienced fabricator, forming, machining and welding are not a problem.

30. Titanium Forming  Care must be taken at all times to protect the material surface from contamination.

31. Titanium Machining  Titanium Tubesheet being drilled.

32. Titanium Welding  Welding Titanium is relatively easy.

33. Titanium Welding Process’s  PAW - Plasma Arc Welding  GTAW - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding  GMAW - Gas Metal Arc Welding

34. Tube to Tubesheet Welding

35. Titanium Tube Bundle  This tube bundle uses Rod Baffles

36. Titanium ClO 2 Heaters  Designers and Material Engineers can be confident choosing Titanium

37. Titanium Heating Coil

38. Titanium Pipe Spools

39. Inspection & Testing

40. Shipment & Installation

41. Field Repair / Maintenance  Pulp Mill environments are not clean.  This creates a problem for field welding of Titanium and should be avoided if possible.

42. Titanium  Uses for Titanium Continues to grow  Medical implants  Aerospace  Buildings  Watches  Jewelry  Musical Instruments  Sports Equipment  I think it’s time we go and test some out!  THANKYOU