1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Compound-a compound that contains carbon and is found in living things Examples are: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

3. Characteristics of Carbon Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their outer energy level and can form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can bond with carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can also bond with other types of atoms. Carbon compounds can have many different structures such as single chains, branched chains and ring structures.

4. Functional Group-a cluster of atoms that can influence the characteristics/behavior of a larger organic molecule Examples: Methyl, Hydroxyl, Amino, Carboxyl, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl, Ester, Ketone, Aldehyde

5. Monomer-a single molecular unit Polymer-a chain of monomers that are bonded together Macromolecule-a chain of polymers bonded together to form a very large molecule Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids are Macromolecules

6. Condensation Reaction the reaction that takes place to bond monomers together and build polymers and macromolecules during this process water is released also known as dehydration synthesis reaction

7. Hydrolysis the reaction that takes place to break polymers and macromolecules apart during this process water is used to break bonds

8. Carbohydrates Elements Found In Carbohydrates: C, H, O Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

9. Examples of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars) Glucose-blood sugar

10. Fructose-fruit sugar Galactose Disaccharides (Double Unit Sugars) Sucrose-table sugar (Glucose + Fructose) Lactose-milk sugar (Glucose + Galactose)

11. Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates) Starch-storage macromolecule made of repeating units of glucose in plants Glycogen-storage macromolecule made of repeating units of glucose in animals Cellulose-macromolecule that adds structure to the cell walls of plant cells; is not fully digestible by humans

12. Important Facts about Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates function in energy storage. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) provide “quick energy”. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) provide sustained energy. Benedicts Solution-an indicator of monosaccharides; turns yellow/gold Lugol’s Iodine Solution-an indicator of starch; turns black

13. Proteins Elements Found In Proteins: C, H, O, N Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of Proteins: Amino Acids There are 20 different amino acids that are essential to living things.

14. HH O NCC HRO H

15. Examples of Proteins: Hemoglobin-protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen in the blood Myoglobin-protein that carries oxygen in muscle tissue Keratin-structural protein that makes up hair, nails, horns and hooves

16. Collagen-structural protein that maintains elasticity of skin Actin/Myosin-structural proteins that make up muscle fibers Insulin-protein hormone that stimulates cells to absorb glucose (blood sugar) Enzymes-proteins that act as biological catalysts to lower activation energy so that chemical reactions occur more quickly

17. Important Facts about Enzymes: Enzymes are specific. They have a specific structure/shape. They can only fit together with a specific substrate. This is called the lock and key model or induced fit theory. Enzymes are reusable. They are not destroyed in the reactions they catalyze.

18. Enzymes are sensitive to their environment. Enzymes will denature (change shape and become nonfunctional) when their environment changes drastically. Changes in pH or temperature can cause an enzyme to denature. Enzyme names often end in –ase.

20. Important Facts about Proteins: Proteins function mainly as structural components and enzymes. Amino acids are held together in a protein by peptide bonds. Biuret Reagent-an indicator of proteins; turns purple

21. Lipids (Fats) Elements Found In Lipids: C, H, O Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of Lipids: Glycerol and Fatty Acids

22. Examples of Lipids: Phospholipids-are the main components of the cell membrane in all cells; structure includes a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids Triglycerides-the lipids that are most commonly found in foods and manufactured by our bodies; structure includes glycerol and 3 fatty acids

23. Steroid hormones-chemical messengers that serve various functions in a living thing estrogen-the human female sex hormone testosterone-the human male sex hormone cortisol-the hormone that is released in response to prolonged stress and inflammation

24. Waxes-molecules that typically protect and/or prevent water loss Earwax-protects the inner ear by trapping germs Cutin-wax layer on the leaves of plants that holds water in

25. Important Facts about Lipids: Lipids function as long term energy storage, insulation and protection. Saturated fats have no carbon to carbon double bonds. They are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have at least one carbon to carbon double bond. They are liquid at room temperature. Brown paper test-an indicator of lipids; lipids produce a translucent (greasy) spot on brown paper that does not disappear

26. Nucleic Acids Elements Found In Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

28. Examples of Nucleic Acids: DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid-the molecule that stores hereditary information in all cells RNA-ribonucleic acid-the molecule that is involved in protein synthesis in all cells ATP-adenosine triphosphate-the cellular energy molecule in all cells