1. Macromolecules Organic Chemistry Unit 2 (notes part 2) (notes part 2)

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY a.k.a.CARBONCHEMISTRY

3. CARBON………  Can form large, complex molecules  C forms the “backbone” of organic molecules

4. 6 Main Elements of Living Things:  S - sulfur  P - phosphorous  O – oxygen  N - nitrogen  C - carbon  H - hydrogen

5. MONOMER = (one piece) POLYMER = (many pieces ) Macromolecules are made of monomers that link together to form a polymer. The linking of monomers to create a polymer is called polymerization.

6. Monomers  Single subunits  Building blocks

7. Polymers  2 or more monomers put together  Larger structure made of many building blocks

8. WRITE THIS DOWN….IT IS NOT IN YOUR NOTES !!!! Dehydration Synthesis: When water is removed to join two molecules. Builds polymers. Hydrolysis: Adding water to break a polymer apart.

9. 4 Main Macromolecules:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

10. CARBOHYDRATES:  C : H : O  1 : 2 : 1 Ratios  Energy Storage

11. Types of Carbs…

12. MONOSACCHARIDES:  Simplest  Smallest  Monomer  Direct energy source for cells

13. An Example is: C 6 H 12 O 6 GLUCOSE

14. Another Example: FRUCTOSE (Fruit Sugar)

15. DISACCHARIDES…  A Polymer of 2  mono- saccharides

16. An example is SUCROSE = (Table Sugar) Glucose + Fructose

17. POLYSACCHARIDES …  Polymer of many monosaccharides  Long term, bulk storage of sugar molecules

18. Examples of Poly….  Glycogen – animal starch  Starch – bulk storage of plant sugar  Cellulose- plant cell wall component (animals can’t digest)

19. LIPIDS Fats, Oils, Waxes, steroids

20. Long Term Energy Storage Insulation Phospholipids make up cell membrane

21. Monomers of Lipids are:  Glycerol and  Fatty Acids  Contain C,H,O

22. Phospholipids :  Builds the cell membrane Has a head with 2 tails.

23. Fats can be saturated or unsaturated. If a fat is saturated it contains a lot of hydrogen in a long straight chain. Saturated fats are solids at room temperature. (butter, lard) This is because of their straight chains. The molecules can stack up on top of one another like building blocks, creating a solid.

24. If a fat is unsaturated it contains fewer hydrogens and a double bond which creates a kink in the chain. Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature. (olive oil, cooking spray) Because they contain a kink, they can not stack up neatly like the straight saturated fats can, so they remain in a liquid form.

26. PROTEINS

27. Proteins:  Contain C, H, O, N and S  Monomers are Amino Acids Amino Acids

28. Amino Acids:  20 total  Join thru Peptide Bonds  Dipeptides, Polypeptides etc.

29. Protein Functions:  Catalyze Reactions – makes them happen faster  Transport substances (RBCs)  Fight Disease (WBCs)  Build Structures (muscles)

30. Example of Proteins: Enzymes  Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy  3-D specific shape  Lock and Key Model

31. How Enzymes Work:

32. NUCLEIC ACIDS

33. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic information. Two types of nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

34. Nucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar found in DNA is called deoxyribose. The sugar in RNA is called ribose. DRAW THIS

36. A NUCLEOTIDE (DRAW IF WRITING NOTES!!)