1. By Cary Grant and Casandra Arriaza Period 2

2. Aorta Artery Arteriole Capillary Congenital Heart Disease Vein Vena Cava Atrium Valve Ventricle Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma Sphygmomanometer Pacemaker Blood Transfusion Blood Pressure Lymph Deoxygenated Blood Anemia Leukemia Blood Vessels Atherosclerosis Myocardium Nervous System Lymphocyte

3. What is the main purpose? Pumps blood from the heart and transports blood and oxygen throughout the body. Brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs, then oxygenated blood is returned to the heart. Where is it located? Throughout the entire body Blood travels through blood vessels: Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins.

4. What is the function of each type of blood cell? Red Blood Cells Most numerous of the cell types Transport oxygen Contain hemoglobin, a protein that contains iron. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs, then transports it to cell tissues. White Blood Cells Protect against bacteria, infections, and diseases. 5 types of white blood cells. Lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies that fight against pathogens. Platelets Not actual cells like white and red blood cells. Make blood clotting possible. Stick to broken vessels to begin clotting process

5. Heart Pumps blood throughout the body by the contractions of the myocardium. 4 chambers: Upper chamber is the atrium, lower chamber is the ventricle. Aorta transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body. Blood Vessels Arteries- large blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body’s tissues. Arterioles are the smallest branches of the arteries. Capillaries- smallest blood vessels. They bring nutrients to tissues and absorb waste products. Veins- returns blood to the heart after it has passed through the capillaries.

6. Contains its own Nervous System that controls the heart’s beating. Contains two layers of epithelial and connective tissues in the walls.

7. Produces red blood cells, which transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. Red blood cells travel through the capillaries. Produces white blood cells, which help the body’s immune system and fight against disease, parasites, and infections. Plasma, liquid blood cells are suspended in, is 10% nutrients, enzymes, salts, dissolved gases, hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins.

8. Atherosclerosis “hardening of the arteries” Condition in which fatty deposits, plaque, build up on the walls of the arteries. Stops blood from flowing through the arteries. Cholesterol builds up on the walls of the arteries when not used by the cells. When occurring in the coronary arteries, heart muscles begin to die from not receiving enough oxygen. A heart attack may result. Symptoms of heart attacks include: nausea, severe chest pains, and shortness of breath. Atherosclerosis can also result in stroke if a blood clot gets stuck on a blood vessel going to the brain.

9. Congenital Heart Disease- any disease of the circulatory system found at birth. Leukemia- cancer effecting blood forming tissues and organs. Anemia- number of red blood cells or hemoglobin is low, and the cells don’t receive enough oxygen.

10. One defect of congenital heart disease can be forming only one side of the heart. Individuals with this defect must undergo surgery in order to survive. Each chamber of the heart has a specific function, making it impossible to live without any part of the heart. A valve (flaps of connective tissue between atrium and ventricles) can be repaired or replaced if needed. A Valve will be replaced or repaired if it does not open or close correctly. Stanford Cardiac Arrhythmia Service has found that using a robot allows physicians to cure cardiac arrhythmia faster and with minimal invasions. When needed, individuals can have a blood transfusion meaning blood is taken from one person and put into the blood stream of another.

11. Two circulations: Systemic Circulation and Pulmonary Circulation. Systemic Circulation is a pathway where oxygen rich blood flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body. The Vena Cava is the largest vein of the systemic circulation. Pulmonary Circulation is the pathway that pumps blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. Blood pressure is the force of blood on the walls of the arteries and can be measured using a sphygmomanometer. Pacemakers, a small group of cardiac muscles called the sinoatrial node, “set the pace” for the heart by beginning the muscle contractions. The Lymphatic System collects fluid lost by the blood, lymph, and transports it back to the circulatory system.

12. "Atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis. American Heart Association, 14 Aug. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.. Levine, Joseph, Ph.D. "37-1 The Circulatory System." Prentice Hall Biology. By Kenneth R. Miller, Ph.D. Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. 942-55. Print. Nagel, Rob. "The Cardiovascular System." Body by Design. N.p.: Gale Group, 2000. 1-31. Print. Harvey, William. "Biology." About.com. Carolina Biological Supply, N.d., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012.. “Healthy Hearts”. :Heart Disease. The Franklin Institute, n.d., Web. 22 Oct. 2012..http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/healthy/disease.html “Minimally Invasive Options for Cardiac Arrhythmia Patients”. Stanford Cardiac Arrhythmia Service. Stanford Hospital and Clinics, n.d., Web. 22 Oct. 2012. http://www.stanfordhospital.org/ClinicsmedServices/COE/heart/DiseaseCo nditions/arrhythmia.htm "Heart Valve Surgery." Heart Valve Surgery. USC Cardiothoracic Surgery, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2012..