1. Lesson 10.1: The Function and Composition of the Blood Lesson 10.2: Blood Types Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and Diseases The Blood

2. The Function and Composition of Blood Chapter 10: The Blood

3. the function of blood the formed elements physical properties of blood plasma

4. manufacturing blood cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets

6. solid portion of blood – 45% of blood content red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) carry oxygen white blood cells ( leukocytes ) immune response platelets clot

7. Hematocrit is the proportion of the total blood volume that is composed of RBCs. Men – average 45% of total blood volume Women - average 40% of total blood volume High altitudes can increase hematocrit to 60% or 65%

8. 8% of total body weight blood volume 4–5 liters of blood for both men and women but depends on body size, muscle mass, and physical fitness Taste – salty with a NaCl conentration of 0.9% pH – 7.35-7.45 Temperature – 100.4˚F Color – varies based on oxygen levels bright red from artery dull red from vein

9. Viscosity (thickness) – 5 times thicker than water because of solid components Contributes to blood flow resistance The thicker the blood the harder the heart has to work Factors that increase blood viscosity Decreased blood temperature Prolonged exposure to high altitude Elevated hematocrit level

10. liquid portion of blood Pale yellow 90% water 8% plasma proteins 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products

12. Electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca) – maintain fluid and electrolyte balance Buffers (bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate) – regulate blood pH Bicarbonate – primary means of carbon dioxide transport

14. Match these words with 1 – 4 below: plasma, platelets, bright red, red blood cell. 1. liquid portion of blood 2. carry oxygen 3. clot 4. arterial blood

15. hematopoiesis making new blood cells stem cells (found only in the vertebrae, ribs, coxal bones, sternum and skull) make blood cells in red bone marrow lymphatic tissue in the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland can also produce blood cells

17. Functions in gas exchange 4-6 million per cubic millimeter shape and size disk-shaped 7 – 8 micrometers in diameter RBCs development – nucleus forced out of cell causing the center of the cell to collapse. Serves 3 important functions 1. increases the surface area of the cell – larger binding area for oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. increases the flexibility of the cell – movement through capillaries 3. limits the cells lifespan to 120 days – cannot replicate

18. hemoglobin binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide hemoglobin is composed of a large protein called globin binding site for carbon dioxide) and an iron molecule called heme (binding site for oxygen) 4 heme binding sites per hemoglobin molecule One RBC contains approximately 250 million hemoglobin molecules which in turn can carry almost one billion oxygen molecules Men – 12 to 16 g/dL (grams per deciliter) Women – 13 to 18 g/dL

19. Erythropoiesis – regulated by the kidneys the process of making red blood cells Blood oxygen content decreases – kidney secretes EPO – stimulates stem cell production of RBCs in the red bone marrow Iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, and protein are needed for RBC production

20. recycling red blood cells live 120 days Phagocytosis by macrophages in the liver and spleen–RBCs recycled hemolysis–RBCs broken open When RBC reach their 120 days Results from diseases of the RBCs caused by antibodies, infections, or blood transfusions Separated into two parts Globin – further broken into amino acids Heme – further broken into iron (stored in the liver) and bilirubin (waste product stored in bile and then excreted in feces)

21. Serve as the body’s infection fighters – immune response 4,300-10,800 per cubic millimeter RBCs to WBCs – 700:1 Diapedesis - WBCs leave the blood through spaces in the capillary walls to infection sites

22. The size of a WBC, the shape and color of its nucleus, and the color of any granules after staining help classify WBCs. Granulocytes – granules in their cytoplasm Neutrophils – most abundant, 60%-70% (up if baterial infection) first responders, active phagocytes Eosinophils – 1% to 3% Inflammatory responses - allergic reactions; active in the presence of parasites and worms Basophils – least abundant, <1% produce histamine which induce an inflammatory response and summons more infection fighting WBCs; associated with allergic reactions and asthma

23. Agranulocytes – lack granules in their nucleus Lymphocytes – second most abundant, 20%-25% (up if viral infection) T cells – more than 80% of lymphocytes B cells form antibodies to fight antigens, essential in fighting cancer cells Monocytes –largest white blood cell, produced in red bone marrow become macrophages that devour microorganisms

24. granulocytes neutrophils perform phagocytosis kill bacteria and fungi eosinophils destroy parasitic worms control allergic responses basophils release histamine active in allergic reactions

25. agranulocytes lymphocytes B cells produce antibodies T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses monocytes perform phagocytosis live longer than neutrophils morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

26. hemostasis Cause blood clots to form and bleeding to stop 4 steps of hemostasis 1. vessel wall injury causes the hormone endothelin to release – constriction and spasm- collagen fibers exposed - reduces blood loss 2. platelet aggregation – platelet adhesion – chemicals released by platelets to maintain constriction– platelets gather – platelets cluster to repair wall 3. platelet plug formation and coagulation – tissue factor release (activates 11 different clotting factors) – clotting factors released combine an enzyme called thrombin with a protein called fibrinogen to produce fibrin (long, thread- like fibers) – fibrin weaves to form a plug 4. blood clot formation and retraction – red and white cells are trapped in mesh – release of coagulation inhibitors and other chemicals to prevent excessive clotting and dissolve the blood clot

28. Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell. 1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte. 2. _______________ produce histamine. 3. _______________ binds with oxygen. 4. _______________ stops bleeding.

29. Blood Types Chapter 10: The Blood

30. blood types the Rh classification system complete blood count

31. A, B, AB, and O antigens and antibodies antigen on surface of RBC, identify self and non-self antibody in blood plasma, mark foreign cells

34. agglutination clumping of RBCs universal recipient blood type AB universal donor blood type O

35. Rh-positive individuals – approximately 85% of people have Rh factor antigen on RBCs Rh-negative individuals do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs RH antibodies are not present unless a person with Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood – further exposer causes agglutination and hemolysis

36. Rh incompatibility - condition that occurs during pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive blood. The baby’s blood can pass through the placenta and cause the mother to produce Rh antibodies. If the mother becomes pregnant with a second child that is also Rh+, the mother’s anti-Rh+ antibodies will attack theredd blood cells of the fetus causing agglutination and hemolysis. This depletion of mature RBCs is called erythroblastosis fetalis RhoGAM – immune serum administered to the Rh- mother shortly after she has given birth to prevent the mother’s blood from becoming sensitized to the child’s antibodies

37. detects blood disorders or diseases

38. True or False? 1. Blood type O is the universal donor. 2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs. 3. Antigens are in blood plasma. 4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs. 5. Rh factor is positive or negative.

39. Blood Disorders and Diseases Chapter 10: The Blood

40. anemia jaundice hemophilia polycythemia leukemia multiple myeloma

41. decrease in number of RBCs or an insufficient amount of hemoglobin 3 main causes: Excessive blood loss Decreased RBC production High rate of RBC destruction Symptoms include: Headache Dizziness Weakness Fatigue Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

42. acquired anemia deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease inherited anemia genetic makeup

43. iron-deficient anemia – accounts for 50% of all anemias insufficient dietary intake of iron bleeding from intestinal worms pregnancy

44. aplastic anemia damage to stem cells in bone marrow causes Toxins (those found in pesticides) radiation therapy or chemotherapy infectious disease (hepatitis; Epstein-Barr virus; HIV; autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus) heredity

45. pernicious anemia intestines can not absorb vitamin B 12 anemias caused by chronic disease rheumatoid arthritis kidney disease chronic infections cancer

46. sickle cell anemia RBCs have abnormal shape crises – painful episodes Cooley’s anemia cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin cannot make enough RBCs

47. yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes excess bilirubin from breakdown of RBCs possible liver damage newborns photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

48. Hemophilia – more common in males; occurs in 1 out of every 5,000 births inherited blood does not clot polycythemia overproduction of RBCs causes thick blood

49. cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia Most common in adults over 70 over production of lymphocytes acute myeloid leukemia Most common form found in adults too many myeloblasts (cells that fight bacterial infections)

50. chronic lymphocytic leukemia Most often affects middle aged adults high level of lymphocytes chronic myeloid leukemia too many granulocytes

51. 2 nd most comon blood cancer in the US acconting for 15% of all blood cancer cases African-Americans are twice as likely to develop it plasma cell cancer in bone marrow Forms tumors that may damage bone Prone to bone fractures and bone pain Treatable – steroids, chemotherapy, stem cell transplants incurable

52. Match these words with 1 – 4 below: jaundice, leukemia, anemia, hemophilia. 1. cancer of the blood 2. blood does not clot 3. yellow colored skin 4. decrease in number of RBCs