2. 1 The Blood System Arteries Veins

3. 2 Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to Name the parts of the blood system and discuss the function of each part Name some of the common diagnoses dealing with the blood. Identify the anatomy and physiology of the heart Explore the pattern of blood flow through the heart.

4. 3 Objectives Part 2 List and define the major pathological conditions of the blood system Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to the blood system Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating the blood system

5. 4 Blood Composition Without blood, human life is impossible Blood Composition Fluid Portion* -Plasma consisting of: ________ proteins ________ nutrients ________ hormones Cellular Portion* -Blood cells consisting of: ___ blood cells ______ blood cells platelets NOTE: If some proteins and blood cells were removed from plasma the remaining fluid would be called serum.

6. 5 Structure and Function Blood complex mixture of cells, ______, proteins and _______* transports nutrients, oxygen, and __________ to all parts of the body* helps regulate body temperature helps maintain stability of the body’s fluid volume transports _____ products away from body cells*

7. 6 Plasma Proteins Plasma Clear liquid made up of __% water and _% organic and inorganic biochemicals. Plasma Proteins albumin fibrinogen globulin prothrombin

8. 7 Red Blood Cells Also known as ________cytes Produced in the bone marrow in response to erythropoietin Mature red blood cells have no nucleus and appear biconcave Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is essential to the transport of oxygen Red blood cells live about ____ days

9. 8 Red Blood Cells Part 2 Hemoglobin hemeglobin Red Blood Cell Count Male = 4.6 to 6.4 Female = 4.2 to 5.4 Average red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood Red Blood Cell

10. 9 Leukocytes Also known as _____ blood cells Function to destroy foreign substances Two main groups are granulocytes and agranulocytes

11. 10 Platelets Also known as ________cytes. Live for about 10 days Assist in blood ________ Red blood cells Platelets Damaged Platelets begin to adhere to tissue edges and to each other as blood escapes. They form a soft platelet plug. Other clotting factors make this a stable plug or clot. Tissue mends and anti- thrombin, and other agents break down the clot.

12. 11 Blood Types ____ human blood types or groups exist Individuals needing a blood transfusion must be karyotyped. Blood typing is based on the presence of _________ and antibodies. Blood Types A, B, AB, O People with type ____ blood can donate to all other types and are called universal donors. Individuals with type ___ are called universal recipients.

13. 12 Rh Factor Individuals receiving incompatible blood during a transfusion will have agglutination or clumping of the blood which can be fatal. Rh Factor In addition to the blood type, there is a positive or negative element found in the blood. __ positive blood contains an antigen first identified in the rhesus monkeys. __ negative blood does not contain the antigen. The Rh factor is very important during pregnancy because a mother that is Rh negative carrying a Rh positive fetus will develop antibodies to fight Rh positive blood cells with future pregnancies.

14. 13 Rh Antibodies Rh negative mom with Rh positive fetus First Pregnancy Antibodies develop Second Pregnancy Another Rh positive fetus If this mother did not receive _________ after her first delivery, this baby’s blood cells will be attacked (erythroblastosis fetalis) which could be fatal for the baby.

15. 14 Anemia Dyscrasia is a general term for any disease of the blood with abnormal material present. ______________ General term for a condition in which red blood cells do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues Causes may be related to a low number of cells or due to a low amount of hemoglobin Common Types of Anemia ____-deficiency anemia aplastic anemia pernicious anemia sickle _____ anemia hemolytic anemia posthemorrhagic anemia

16. 15 The Lymphatic & Immune Systems Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel

17. The Heart Pumps blood through the blood vessels to all body cells. Is covered by a protective sac called the ____cardium which is divided into two layers the visceral and parietal pericardium. Is divided into right and left sides by the ______. Each side consists of an atria and a ventricle.*

18. Layers of the Heart Inside the pericardium, the heart has three layers of tissue. Epicardium (outermost layer) Myocardium (middle layer of muscular tissue) Endocardium (inner layer) ___cardium ____cardium

19. Heart Chambers Right and left atria are the ______ chambers of the heart.* Right and left ventricles are the ______ chambers of the heart.* Fibers in the ventricles (Purkinje fibers) cause the ventricles to contract. Blood flows through the heart in only ___ direction regulated by valves.

20. Arteries and Veins Arteries Carry blood ______ from the heart.* Carry blood ______the heart.* V e i n s

21. Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular Valves Semilunar Valves Control blood flow within the heart Prevent the backflow of blood into the heart Cross Sectional Top View of Heart __cuspid valve (mitral)* ___cuspid valve* Pulmonary valve* Aortic valve*

22. Coronary Circulation Circulation of blood within the heart muscle by the ___________ arteries. Coronary arteries branch off of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. Coronary arteries encircle the heart to supply the heart muscle with about ____ gallons of blood daily. The heart requires more oxygen than any other organ in the body except the brain.

23. Pulmonary Circulation Circulation of blood between the heart and lungs. Pulmonary arteries are the only arteries to carry blood low in oxygen. Pulmonary veins are the only veins to carry oxygen rich blood.

24. Systemic Circulation Flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the entire body. Blood travels through the body in a surge as a result of the heart contractions. Blood vessels become smaller in diameter as the blood leaves the heart. artery arteriole capillaryvenule vein Remember arteries leave the heart and veins return to the heart. _________ are the smallest blood vessels and they serve as a transfer station between the arteries and veins.

25. Blood Pressure Measures the _____ of the blood surging against the walls of the arteries. Systole* Contraction phase of the heart Diastole* Relaxation phase of the heart

26. Taking blood pressure calls for the use of pulse _______ Places where the arteries come close to the ____ Found throughout the body

27. Conduction System Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial _____ (Pacemaker) Atrioventricular node Bundle of ____ Right and Left Bundle Branches

28. Conduction System Part 2 Conduction System The heart’s pacemaker causes regular contracting of the ___cardium resulting in a regular heartbeat or _______. Contraction Phases Polarization (resting) Depolarization (contracting) Repolarization (recharging)

29. Conduction System Part 3 Conduction System Factors affecting the heart rate: Health status Physical activity Emotions During one cardiac cycle the heart contracts and relaxes. Cardiac Cycle = _ contraction + _ relaxation

30. Blood Pressure Blood Pressure abnormalities can damage the heart and other body systems. Hypertension (too ____) Hypotension (too ____) Essential hypertension occurs without any specific cause. Secondary hypertension has a known cause, for example, high-salt intake.

31. Diseases of the Blood Vessels plaque atheroma ___________ embolus phlebitis __________ _____

32. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary _______ Disease Refers to any condition that reduces the nourishment the heart receives from the blood flowing through the arteries of the heart, such as: Aortic stenosis Coarctation of the aorta Pulmonary artery stenosis Angina Pectoris

33. General Heart & Lung Diseases General Heart and Lung Diseases ____cardial infarction Disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called heart attack. Cardiac _______ Also known as asystole, is the sudden stopping of the heart. Congestive ________ Failure Occurs when the heart is unable to pump the necessary amount of blood.

34. Specific Inflammatory Heart Conditions Specific Inflammatory Conditions of the Heart endocarditis myocarditis bacterial endocarditis pericarditis Other Conditions cardiomyopathyintracardiac tumor