1. Animal Behavior and Evolution (Dunbar Ch 2) Biologists often commented on behavior and adaptation – Physical traits – Altruism (Group selection)

2. Natural Selection Focuses on individual survival According to Darwin, noble behavior is a death sentence (for the genes)

3. Core Premises of natural Selection The Principle of Variation: All individuals in a species show variation The Principle of Inheritance: Variation is heritable and offspring resemble parents more than other members of the species The Principle of Adaptation: Competition will favor some and disadvantage others. Favored individuals will reproduce (and their genes will survive). Survival defines fitness.

4. Adaptations Traits (physical or behavioral) can be identified as adaptations if they can be linked to survival and/or reproductive success. The concept of group selection has slowly faded from modern evolutionary theory. (We’ve covered this…)

5. Niche Construction Theory John Olding-Smee Niches are not passively occupied, they are modified. – Spider Webs – Bird nests – Beaver dams – Ant tunnels – Wasp/caterpillars

6. Niche Construction Theory The organism can put selective pressure on the environment – What if the dam reshapes the river, driving it to a plain (shallower) or what if competition leads some beavers downstream (deeper). Offspring will inherit new environments with new selective pressures. – Organisms can change the environment and the environment can, in turn, present new selective pressures.

7. Niche Construction in Humans Stone tools led to the pursuit of game which led to changes in digestion and the ability to defend livestock which changed eating habits and digestion again. Environment Olding-SmeeDarwin Organism

8. Niche Construction Theory Organisms shape the forces that shape them – Most probably don’t realize that they are doing it Culture is Niche Construction as it applies to humans – We, of course, make some (most) changes with no idea of how it will shape us and our offspring – We make many changes fully expecting them to shape us and our offspring

9. Shaping Minds A human raised in isolation – if it survives - will be unrecognizable to other humans How well would a human do in an “unconstructed niche”

10. Human Niche Construction Did our desire to change our niches (through both modification and migration) accelerate selective changes? Is that why we’re special?

11. The Human (cognitive) Revolution We are special, but why… When did we adopt “human” traits? – Language – Toolmaking and coordinated hunting – Cooking – Artistic expression

12. Paranthropus Australopithecus Homo

13. A. afarensis 3.9-2.9 m.y.a East Africa Bipedal Tools? Brain ~ 400cm 2 SRGAP2 – 2 in humans – Cortex growth – Synapses

14. P. robustus 1.9-1.4 m.y.a Paranthropus (beside human) South Africa Bipedal, no fire, no language, maybe tools? Doomed by limited diet?

15. H. habilis 2.8-1.5 m.y.a “Handy man” Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania – Brain ~ 650cm 2 – Toolmaking (inherited?, but certainly perfected) – Organized disposal of waste (social) 400 cm 2 650 cm 2

16. The Oldowan Tool Set (2.6-1.7 m.y.a)

17. H. ergaster 1.9-1.4 m.y.a East Africa and beyond! – H. erectus into Asia (70kya) – Brain ~ 1000cm 2 – Sophisticated Toolmaking – Controlled fire – Cooking and socializing? – Language? – Care for injured? 400 cm 2 650 cm 2 1000 cm 2

18. Acheulian Tools (2.6-1.7 m.y.a) What is the significance of tools? – Mental representation of an ideal – Planning, Sharing – Remarkable Stability of the erectus branch – Evidence of progress from H. habilis, but then little change – Were they stuck in an evolutionary dead-end?

19. H. heidelbergensis 700-200kya East Africa, Europe, Asia – Brain ~ 1200cm 2 – Buried dead – Ochre paint – Language? 400 cm 2 650 cm 2 1000 cm 2 1200 cm 2

20. H. neandertalensis 300-60kya Europe, Asia – Brain ~ 1600cm 2 – Buried dead – Ochre paint – Language? 400 cm 2 650 cm 2 1000 cm 2 1200 cm 2 1600 cm 2

21. H. sapiens 200kya- Common origin in Southern Africa – Brain ~ 1400cm 2 Brain size cannot explain everything! Genetic bottleneck 150,000-200,00ya 400 cm 2 650 cm 2 1000 cm 2 1200 cm 2 1600 cm 2

22. The Revolution Blombos Cave, South Africa

23. The Revolution Blombos Cave, South Africa

24. Artefacts from 100,000 ya

26. Chauvet Cave, France 30,000 ya

27. The significance of Metaphor Creating things that represent other things – Does abstract drawing emerge with abstract thinking? – Do visual metaphors emerge with auditory metaphors (is evidence of art evidence of language)?

28. Homo genus Brain growth is progressive Tool use emerges progressively Migration spans Africa, Europe, Asia We do things that were never done before, but there is no evidence (within the history of our species) to suggest a single, great leap forward. When addressing the adaptive origin of a trait, we cannot point to a single time in our species’ past.

29. The Revolution The modern human mind can be recognized in artefacts that are 100,000 years old Before that time, there is no evidence of a cognitive “big bang” Our “minds” have been cobbled together over years.