1. Evidence for Evolution

2. Hypothesis: Educated ___________/ explanation. Theory: Explanation based on substantial ______________. Law:

3. Hypothesis: Educated prediction / explanation. Theory: Explanation based on substantial __________. Law:

4. Hypothesis: Educated prediction / explanation. Theory: Explanation based on substantial evidence. Law:

5. Hypothesis: Educated prediction / explanation. Theory: Explanation based on substantial evidence. Law: Irrefutable/Proven.

6. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient _____________. Examples: _______________ *Shark teeth have been found in ________________. *Tropical flower imprints in ________________. *Dinosaur footprints in ________________.

7. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: _______________

8. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: Bones/Rocks Imprints Amber Shelled Mollusks

9. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: Bones/Rocks Imprints Amber Shelled Mollusks *Shark teeth have been found in _________. *Tropical flower imprints in ____________. *Dinosaur footprints in ______.

10. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: Bones/Rocks Imprints Amber Shelled Mollusks *Shark teeth have been found in Arizona. *Tropical flower imprints in ____________. *Dinosaur footprints in ______.

11. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: Bones/Rocks Imprints Amber Shelled Mollusks *Shark teeth have been found in Arizona. *Tropical flower imprints in Antarctica. *Dinosaur footprints in ______.

12. I. The Fossil Record Remains/Imprints of ancient organisms. Examples: Bones/Rocks Imprints Amber Shelled Mollusks *Shark teeth have been found in Arizona. *Tropical flower imprints in Antarctica. *Dinosaur footprints in Texas.

15. Fossil Dating: 1.__________ dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2.______________ dating (using radioactive isotopes)

16. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2.______________ dating (using radioactive isotopes)

17. Which layer contains the oldest fossils? Youngest fossils?

18. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2.__________ dating (using radioactive isotopes)

19. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes)

20. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes) Example: Carbon-14 (Living organisms have a lot of Carbon- 12 and a little Carbon-14). Upon death, organisms do not accumulate anymore _______. However, because C-14 is radioactive, it ________ and turns into N-14. The amount of time it takes C-14 to decay 50% is known as the ________. Scientists measure the proportion of C-14 to ________ in the fossil.

21. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes) Example: Carbon-14 (Living organisms have a lot of Carbon- 12 and a little Carbon-14). Upon death, organisms do not accumulate anymore carbon. However, because C-14 is radioactive, it _______ and turns into N-14. The amount of time it takes C-14 to decay 50% is known as the ________. Scientists measure the proportion of C-14 to ________ in the fossil.

22. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes) Example: Carbon-14 (Living organisms have a lot of Carbon- 12 and a little Carbon-14). Upon death, organisms do not accumulate anymore carbon. However, because C-14 is radioactive, it decays and turns into N-14. The amount of time it takes C-14 to decay 50% is known as the ________. Scientists measure the proportion of C-14 to ________ in the fossil.

23. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes) Example: Carbon-14 (Living organisms have a lot of Carbon- 12 and a little Carbon-14). Upon death, organisms do not accumulate anymore carbon. However, because C-14 is radioactive, it decays and turns into N-14. The amount of time it takes C-14 to decay 50% is known as the half-life. Scientists measure the proportion of C-14 to ________ in the fossil.

24. Fossil Dating: 1. Relative dating (using strata/layers of rock) 2. Absolute dating (using radioactive isotopes) Example: Carbon-14 (Living organisms have a lot of Carbon- 12 and a little Carbon-14). Upon death, organisms do not accumulate anymore carbon. However, because C-14 is radioactive, it decays and turns into N-14. The amount of time it takes C-14 to decay 50% is known as the half-life. Scientists measure the proportion of C-14 to N-14 in the fossil.

25. Example: A fossil is found with 1/16 of its C-14 remaining. How old would scientists estimate the fossil is? C-14 has a half life of about 6,000 years. Death (100% of C-14½ C-14 remaining 0% of N-14)

26. Example: A fossil is found with 1/16 of its C-14 remaining. How old would scientists estimate the fossil is? C-14 has a half life of about 6,000 years. Death (100% of C-14½ C-14 remaining 0% of N-14) 6,000 years

27. Example: A fossil is found with 1/16 of its C-14 remaining. How old would scientists estimate the fossil is? C-14 has a half life of about 6,000 years. Death (100% of C-14½ C-14 remaining ¼ remaining 0% of N-14) 1/8 remaining 1/16 remaining 6,000 years

28. Example: A fossil is found with 1/16 of its C-14 remaining. How old would scientists estimate the fossil is? C-14 has a half life of about 6,000 years. Death (100% of C-14½ C-14 remaining ¼ remaining 0% of N-14) 1/8 remaining 1/16 remaining Estimated: 24,000 years old Carbon dating is only effective up to approximately 75,000 years 6,000 years

29. Example: A fossil is found with 1/16 of its C-14 remaining. How old would scientists estimate the fossil is? C-14 has a half life of about 6,000 years. Death (100% of C-14½ C-14 remaining ¼ remaining 0% of N-14) 1/8 remaining 1/16 remaining Estimated: 24,000 years old Carbon dating is only effective up to approximately 75,000 years Uranium-238: half life is 4.5 billion years 6,000 years

30. 4 Billion Years Ago 3BYA2 BYA 1BYA Permian Mass Extinction (251 MYA) Cambrian Explosion 535-525 MYA Many present-day animal phyla appear suddenly in fossils Claimed about 96% of marine animal species & drastically altered life in the ocean Volcanic explosion in what is now Siberia – spewed enormous amounts of lava & ash. Enough CO 2 to warm the climate by 6°C. Reduced temps = reduced mixing of ocean water – drop in O 2 concentrations – explosion of anaerobic bacteria that emit toxic H 2 S gas into atmosphere further killing plants & animals. 65.5 MYA Cretaceous Mass Extinction More than half of the marine species & many plants and animals Meterorite – thin layer of clay than contains iridium

35. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) __________ in an organism.

36. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism.

37. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some ___________ retain remnants of leg bones.

38. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function_ in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some snakes retain remnants of leg bones.

40. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some snakes retain remnants of leg bones. _________ remnants are buried under scales in blind species of cave fishes.

41. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some snakes retain remnants of leg bones. Eye remnants are buried under scales in blind species of cave fishes.

43. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some snakes retain remnants of leg bones. Eye remnants are buried under scales in blind species of cave fishes. In humans, the ______________ is an example of an organ that doesn’t really serve a function.

44. II. Vestigial Structures A vestigial structure are those that serve marginal (if any) function in an organism. Examples: The skeletons of some snakes retain remnants of leg bones. Eye remnants are buried under scales in blind species of cave fishes. In humans, the appendix is an example of an organ that doesn’t really serve a function.

45. Question: Why do organisms have structures that are not used or really needed?

46. Scientists: The structures served a purpose in an ancestor and the DNA coding for the structures is retained as “genetic baggage”.

48. Question: Why do organisms have structures that are not used or really needed? Scientists: The structures served a purpose in an ancestor and the DNA coding for the structures is retained as “genetic baggage”. 4-legged reptiles 4-legged ancestor snakes No selection against the structure

49. III. Embryo Comparison When embryos of different species look similar (homologies) at various stages of embryonic development, scientists conclude that the species have a fairly recent ___________ ancestor.

50. III. Embryo Comparison When embryos of different species look similar (homologies) at various stages of embryonic development, scientists conclude that the species have a fairly recent common ancestor.

51. Chick? Fish? Salamander? Tortoise? Human? Rabbit?

55. III. Embryo Comparison When embryos of different species look similar (homologies) at various stages of embryonic development, scientists conclude that the species have a fairly recent common ancestor.

56. III. Embryo Comparison When embryos of different species look similar (homologies) at various stages of embryonic development, scientists conclude that the species have a fairly recent common ancestor. Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Rabbits Humans Common Ancestor

57. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same ____________ anatomy, different ____________. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm

59. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same internal anatomy, different function. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm

60. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same internal anatomy, different function. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm 2. Analogous Structures: Same ____________, different ___________ anatomy.

61. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same internal anatomy, different function. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm 2. Analogous Structures: Same ____________, different ___________ anatomy. Example: bird wing vs. butterfly wing

63. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same internal anatomy, different function. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm 2. Analogous Structures: Same ____________, different ___________ anatomy. Example: bird wing vs. butterfly wing

64. IV. Physical (Anatomical) Structures 1. Homologous Structures: Same internal anatomy, different function. Example: whale flipper vs. human arm 2. Analogous Structures: Same function, different internal anatomy. Example: bird wing vs. butterfly wing

65. V. Homologies in DNA/Protein All living things use the same genetic language: _______ ______ _________ Scientists conclude that the more similar the DNA (specifically the ____________) of two species, the closer the common ____________. It is estimated that we are ______% similar to a chimp, _____% similar to a mouse, and _______% similar to yeast.

66. V. Homologies in DNA/Protein All living things use the same genetic language: DNA RNA Protein Scientists conclude that the more similar the DNA (specifically the ____________) of two species, the closer the common ____________. It is estimated that we are ______% similar to a chimp, _____% similar to a mouse, and _______% similar to yeast.

67. V. Homologies in DNA/Protein All living things use the same genetic language: DNA RNA Protein Scientists conclude that the more similar the DNA (specifically the genes ) of two species, the closer the common ancestor. It is estimated that we are ______% similar to a chimp, _____% similar to a mouse, and _______% similar to yeast.

68. V. Homologies in DNA/Protein All living things use the same genetic language: DNA RNA Protein Scientists conclude that the more similar the DNA (specifically the genes ) of two species, the closer the common ancestor. It is estimated that we are 99 % similar to a chimp, 92 % similar to a mouse, and 50 % similar to yeast.

69. VI. Biogeography Comparing modern-day organisms that live in different places (i.e. continents). Mammals of ___ _______ vs. Mammals of _________ There are a number of N. American mammals who have a “twin” marsupial mammal

70. VI. Biogeography Comparing modern-day organisms that live in different places (i.e. continents). Mammals of N. America vs. Mammals of Australia There are a number of N. American (placental) mammals that have a “twin” marsupial cousin in Australia.

71. What is a Marsupial?

73. Why the similarities in niches? These species are thought to have evolved at very different times in Earth’s History (Marsupials: ____mya; Placentals: ____mya)

74. Why the similarities in niches? These species are thought to have evolved at very different times in Earth’s History (Marsupials: 180 mya; Placentals: 140 mya)

75. Marsupials & Placentals share a distant common ancestor: Marsupials - Australia Placental Mammals North America Placental Ancestor Marsupial Ancestor Kangaroo Sugar Glider Patagonian Cavy Flying Squirrel

76. Marsupials & Placentals share a distant common ancestor: **A kangaroo is more genetically similar to a _______ _________ (that looks like a flying ____________ than it is to its N. American twin the ___________ ________. Marsupials - Australia Placental Mammals North America Placental Ancestor Marsupial Ancestor Kangaroo Sugar Glider Patagonian Cavy Flying Squirrel

77. Marsupials & Placentals share a distant common ancestor: **A kangaroo is more genetically similar to a sugar glider (that looks like a flying squirrel than it is to its N. American twin the Patagonian cavy. Marsupials - Australia Placental Mammals North America Placental Ancestor Marsupial Ancestor Kangaroo Sugar Glider Patagonian Cavy Flying Squirrel

78. Scientists think that the __________ for these structures occurred independently – there was “opportunity” and selection for these structures/niches on both continents.

79. Scientists think that the mutations for these structures occurred independently – there was “opportunity” and selection for these structures/niches on both continents.

80. Another example: Scientists think the mutation for ______ (in birds, bats, and insects) occurred at 3 different times/locations in the Earth’s history.

81. Another example: Scientists think the mutation for flight (in birds, bats, and insects) occurred at 3 different times/locations in the Earth’s history.