1. The Origin of Humans

2. Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence come to light. Louis Leakey

4. Evolution

5. Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Gradual change over many generations Widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. Complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors over time. Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest) = Random genetic mutations occur and the “good” aspects are kept to aid survival Failure to evolve in response to the environmental changes can and often does lead to extinction.

7. 20 th Century archaeological discoveries in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Southern Africa indicate that humankind originated in Africa.

9. Old Stone Age = Paleolithic Age Started around 2 million years ago and ended around 8000 B.C.E Nomadic = moving from place to place hunting and gathering Hominids = Any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.

11. Australopithecine

12. 4.4 to 2.8 millions years ago Some teeth were human-like Approximately 1.2 m tall Molars like chimpanzee Walked upright Arm bone structure different than ape There are many types of australopithecines that continued to evolve over millions of years. Characterized by heavily brow ridges, large skull and slopping forehead Walked slightly bow-legged

13. Australopithecine

14. Example of Australopithecine = Lucy Discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 by Donald Johanson The skeleton was 40% complete About 3.5 million years old 25-30 year old female Named after the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

15. Homo Habilis = Handy Man

16. The first true humans Found in East Africa Nomadic Created basic stone tools Main diet was fruits & vegetables Built campfires but did not know how to make fire Homo Habilis = Handy Man

18. Homo Erectus = Upright Man

19. Existed between 1.8 million years ago and 300,000 years ago First to look like people *No Chin *Low long Skull * Large Molars * Thick brow ridges * Protruding Jaw Skeleton more robust than modern humans which indicates great strength Found in Africa, Asia and Europe (about 1 million years ago began to leave Africa because the Ice Age produced bridges allowing for travel) Tool making skills were considerably improved: Stone axes and knives Had fire making skills

21. Homo Erectus and Modern Man

22. Australopithecus & Homo Erectus

23. Homo Sapiens = Wise Man

24. First appeared about 500,000 years ago Skull characteristics of both Homo Erectus & Modern Humans Skeleton and teeth are smaller than Homo Erectus, but larger than Modern Humans Large brow ridges, receding forehead and chin Homo Sapiens = Wise Man

27. Homo Habilis & Homo Sapien

28. Tools of Homo Sapiens

29. Neanderthals

30. Existed between 230,000 and 30,000 years ago. Europe and the Middle East Named after the Neander Valley in Germany *Protruding jaw * Receding forehead * Short, Solid * Short Limbs * Mid-face area protruded, probably adaptation to cold Height Average = 5’6’’ Extraordinarily strong by today’s standards Skeletons showed they lived extremely hard lives Neanderthals

31. Great Hunters First to bury their dead Lived in caves and tents Known as cavemen Made clothes from animal skin and used animal tusks of animals to make needles Stone axes Neanderthals

33. Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Wise, Wise Man

34. Replaced the Neanderthals Cro-Magnon People (Modern Man) First appeared about 195,000 years ago Made more delicate & efficient tools Carved fishhooks, harpoons & needles Began to build shelters out of animal skin Paintings left on cave walls Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Wise, Wise Man

37. Tools

38. Cave Painting

39. Middle Stone Age = Mesolithic Age 8000 B.C.E to 6000 B.C.E. Climate grew warmer = grasslands & forests Improved weapons & tools 1 st pottery, which was used to store food & water Besides fishhooks & harpoons, they weaved nets & used canoes for fishing and travel Domesticated dogs for hunting & protection

40. The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age 6000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E. Planted seeds & started farming Farming is known as the Neolithic Revolution Kept herds of animals (cattle & sheep), which added meat to the diet Used cattle & oxen to pull plows

41. Built sturdy houses & villages started to form Decorative pottery, dishes & ornaments Weaved cloth from plant fiber & animal hair Polished stone Invention of the wheel & axels and later simple carts The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age

42. Specialization of labour = Separation and assignment of jobs according to the skills of individuals Markets and trading Economy, $, class system More leisure time There was a form of government, which regulated customs and rules for protection Culture developed Stonehenge was built The New Stone Age = Neolithic Age

43. The Bronze Age 4000 B.C.E. Bronze ended the New Stone Age Bronze was made from copper & tin Bronze was 1 st found in the Middle East = beginning of a metals industry Stronger weapons, tools, swords, shields

44. Bronze improved productivity in farming: Digging sticks, plows, tools of irrigation and sickles The potter’s wheel invented Simple sailing and navigation = trade with distant places Development of specialization = urbanization Urbanization = Growth of cities due to migration of people to them The Bronze Age

45. Civilization Centralized Government Occupational Specialization Agricultural Intensification State Religion Class Structure Development of Writing & Science Merchants & Trade

46. Rivers & Civilizations Civilizations relied on rivers for: Steady source of water Fertile soil Fish to supplement their diet Transportation Communication throughTrade and Exchange of ideas