2. A United Egypt

3. Main Idea Around 3100 B.C., Egypt's two major kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt were combined into one. Just like Mesopotamia, Egyptians ended up having a surplus of food. The started becoming artisans as well as farmers. They could then trade with others even those outside of Egypt.

4. The Rise of Government The advances in farming, crafts and trade created a need for a government. The began to store surplus crops, so they could be used in times of need. Government started with village chiefs as rulers. Then a few strong chiefs would join together and take over others and form small kingdoms.

5. Over time, Egypt was made up of 2 kingdoms, one in the Lower Nile and one in the Upper Nile.

6. Egypt’s Ruling Families Around 3100 B.C. The two kingdoms became one. The Credit goes to Narmer, also known as Menes. As the King of Upper Egypt, he took his army and led them to victory over the north.

7. To show unity, the new King Namer, wore the crown of the Upper and Lower kingdoms combined. This kingdom lasted a long time, and when he died his family took over. A line of rulers from one family is called a dynasty. When one dynasty died off, another one took over.

8. Over time, Egypt would be ruled by 31 dynasties, lasting for over 2,800 years. Historians divide the dynasties into three categories: Old, Middle and New Kingdoms.

9. Unskill MesopotamiaEgypt Natural DefensesFlat mud plains; few natural defenses Nile Delta, Sahara, cataracts, eastern desert RiversTigris and Euphrates RiversNile River FloodsUnpredictable, constant threat to people Dependable and regular, not feared EconomyFarming and trade GovernmentCity states led by kings and priests; empires later Villages led by chiefs, then kingdoms, then kingdoms ruled by pharaohs Work of ArtisansMetal products, pottery & cloth Advances Cuneiform writing Numbers based on 60 Wagon wheel, plow, sailboat Hieroglyphic writing 365 day calendar Numbers based on 10 and fractions medicine

10. Early Egyptian Life Main Idea: Egyptian society was divided into social groups based on wealth and power. Pharaoh Priests and Nobles Traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes Farmers and herders Unskilled workers

11. Egypt’s Social Classes Upper class – Nobles – Priests – Other wealthy Egyptians – They worked as government officials The lived in the cities and on large estates along the river. They had beautiful homes made of wood and mud, with gardens, pools, and ponds with fish. They had servants to wait on them. They wore heavy eye makeup and white linen clothes.

12. Social Classes  Middle Class Ran businesses Produced goods They lived in smaller homes and dressed more simply. Artisans formed an important part of middle class. They produced linen cloth, jewelry, pottery, and metal goods.

13. Social Classes  Lower class Made up largest section of society Farmers Some rented their land from rulers, paying them with a hefty portion of their crops. Many worked the lands of the wealthy They lived in small huts along the river. Ate a simple diet of bread, beer, vegetables and fruit.

14. Social Classes  Many of the city dwellers were unskilled workers who performed physical labor.  They lived in city neighborhoods, in small huts with dirt floors and a flat roof.  They had a courtyard for the families animals.  On the rooftops, families would play games, talk and sleep.  Women would dry fruit, make bread, and weave cloth.

15. Family Life Patriarchal Society: – The father headed the family. – Women did have a lot of rights Own and pass on property Buy and sell goods Make wills Obtain divorces Upper class women (were in charge of temples and could perform religious ceremonies).

16. Family Life Not many children went to school. Mothers taught their daughters to sew, cook, and run a household. Boys learned farming and skilled trades from their fathers. For fun, children played games, dolls, spinning tops and stuffed leather balls.

17. In what direction does the Nile Flow? Who united upper and Lower Egypt in 3100 B.C? How many years did the Old Kingdom Last?

18. Pharaoh - The most powerful person in ancient Egypt. The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people. Vizier - a civil officer in ancient Egypt having regal powers. Noble - scribes, doctors, lawyers, or important military personnel. Priest - servants of the gods who performed daily rituals to honor them.

19. RA Major deity in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the mid-day sun. To the Egyptians, the sun represented light, warmth, and growth. This made the sun deity very important and the sun was seen as the ruler of all that he created.

20. Gods and Goddesses Ancient Egyptians worshiped over 2000 different gods Before Egypt was united their were 40 tribes all with different gods After all the Gods were kept, meaning many gods had similar characteristics Animals were considered the living images of the gods

21. Ra (re) Sun God Appearance: A man with the head of a Hawk wearing a sun disk headdress He was the most important God The ancient Egyptians believed that each night Ra was swallowed night by Nut, the sky goddess then reborn in the morning. Thoth Appearance: A man with the head of an ibis holding a writing palette Thoth was the go of Knowledge and writing It was said that he gave the gift of hieroglyphics. Ma’at Appearance: A Woman with a feather on top of her head Ma'at was the goddess of truth, justice and harmony. Ma’at was oftene associated with the balance of things on earth. Anubis Appearance: A Man with the head of a jackal Anubis was the god of embalming and the dead. Jackals were often seen found in cemeteries, because of this it was believed that Anubis watched over the dead.

22. Horus Appearance: Man with the head of a hawk Horus was a god of the sky. He is the protector of the ruler of Egypt. It was believed that the pharaoh was the 'living Horus'. Amun Appearance: A Man with a ram-head wearing an ostrich feather hat Amun was one of the most powerful gods in ancient Egypt. At the height of Egyptian civilisation he was called the 'King of the Gods'. Osiris Appearance: A mummified man who is wearing a white headdress with feathers Osiris was the god of the dead, and ruler of the Underworld. Osiris was also the god of vegetation (plant matter) that’s why he is green in appearance. Atum Appearance: Man with the double crown Atum was a creator god. It was belived that Atum was the first god to exist on earth.

23. BOOK OF THE DEAD (reu nu pert em hru)  Contains spells, charms, passwords and numbers to help secure an easy passage for the deceased into the after life Egyptians believed that knowledge of the appropriate spells was essential to achieving happiness in the next life Spell 125 is one of the most well known segments which is the judging of the soul done by Osiris and his 42 judges The weighing of the heart against Ma'at is considered one of the more important chapters "Book of the Dead" meant to aid deceased in not dying a second time and becoming an akh The book of dead inscribed on tomb   weighing of the heart against Ma'at’s Feather

24. SPIRIT OF THE DEAD Egyptians believe that each person is composed of three essential elements: ba (soul/personality), ka (life force), and the body in which the soul is kept Ka, ba and akh are believed to be immortal aspects of the soul thus remaining alive inside the body after death In the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, the ba and ka are released into the next world Upon death, the ba and ka become separated from the body but remain alive During the night when Ra visits the underworld, the ba are allowed to freely roam but must always return to the underworld because that is where the body lies and the ba and body are part of the same being  Ba Ka  Ba leaving the body 

25. Mummification Embalming the Body Wash the body with good smelling palm wines and rinse with water from the Nile. Cut a slit in the left side of the body and remove internal organs the liver, stomach, lungs and intestines are placed in canopic jars. imsety the human headed god holds the liver hapy the baboon headed god holds the lungs duamutef the jackal headed god holds the stomach qebehsenuef the falcon headed god holds the intestines A hook is then inserted up the nose to remove the brains the heart remains in the body because the Egyptians believed that your heart was the most important aspect of the human. the body is then covered and stuffed with which will help to dry out the body The body is then placed in the desert for 40 days. After the 40 days the body is then washed again with Nile water the skin is the covered in oils. Wrapping First the head and neck are wrapped with linen. The fingers and toes are wrapped individually. The arms and legs are wrapped separately from the body In the layers the embalmers place amulets to protect the body in the underworld. The 'isis knot' amulet protects the body and ' Plummet' represents personal balance Priests read out spells while the mummy is being wrapped. Papyrus scroll filled with spells from the book of the dead is wrapped in the mummies hands A cloth is then wrapped over the whole body and a painting of Osiris is Painted on top. A funeral is then held for the dead person before the body is layered to rest they have a ritual called 'the opening of he mouth' this lets the dead person eat and drink one last time Canopic Jars 

26. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ history/ancient/egyptia ns/launch_gms_mumm y_maker.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ history/ancient/egyptia ns/launch_gms_mumm y_maker.shtml Horrible histories

27. The After Life Death is not seen as the last stage of life Before the mummy can reach the underworld it has to pass through seven gates, aided by the magic spells inscribed upon the funerary objects, then the dead person arrives in the presence of Osiris (god of the underworld) Osiris then performs a ceremony called the 'weighing of the heart' Heart of the dead person is weighed on a scale by the jackal headed god Anubis (god of dead) against the feather of Ma'at (goddess of truth) Balancing the scale meant immortality If the scale did not balance then Amemt (crocodile headed god) would eat the heart, and Seth, murderer of Osiris ate the rest of the body

28. Was Egyptian religion polytheistic or monotheistic? How many days did a mummy stay covered in salt? Who was the god of writing and knowledge?

29. Ancient Egypt Mummification

30. What are mummies? When you think of a mummy, what comes to mind? While the Egyptian ones are the most famous, mummies have been found in many places throughout the world. or

31. Early Mummification Early Mummies were made when they died in the desert and were buried under sand. They were left out and all the water in the cadaver evaporated causing mummification

32. Roles in Mummification There were 3 major roles in the mummification – Scribe, the Cutter and the Embalmer. The Scribe would oversee the cutting of the body. The Cutter would make the incisions. The Embalmer was a class of priests which prepared the body and removed the organs.

33. How They were Made Mummification was a long and expensive process. It took 70 days to embalm the body. – Step 1- wash the body and ritually purified. – Step 2 - remove the brain. This was done with a heated hook. The hook was put up the nose and the brain was scrambled so it could run out the nose. After the Brain was removed they took out the organs and placed them in canopic jars, but they left the heart in.

34. How They are Made Continued – Step 3 - put salt in the body to dry the corpses out. – Step 4 - Then they would start to wrap the mummy. In between each layer, they would place a jewel. – Step 5 - After the wrapping, the opening of the mouth ceremony was preformed. They would place a face mask onto the mummy. This would restore all body parts.

35. Rituals The first ritual was to remove all the organs. The first organ was the Brain which was removed from the nose. They believed the brain was not important. Then they took out the liver, intestines, lungs and stomach were placed in conopic jars. The heart was left in the body. The heads on the jars were the four sons of Horus. They had a Human head, a Jackel head, Falcon head and Baboon head and each one was the protector of an organ in the afterlife.

37. Rames II

39. Social Class of Mumification Mummification was manly reserved for the rich and powerful although they did mummified lower and middle class citizens. In Egypt, the rich were mummified and had expensive jewels. You were also buried in a tomb. But if you were lower or middle class citizen, you were mummified. Instead of being placed in a tomb you were put by the Nile river. Since the Egyptians believed in the passage through to the After life, people were Buried as while as they could afford.

40. The Afterlife In the After life the Egyptians believed that you heart was weighed against an ostrich feather as shown in the bottom right picture). If your heart weighed more then the feather, you could not move on to the after life.

41. The Afterlife In the After life the Egyptians believed that you heart was weighed against an ostrich feather as shown in the bottom right picture). If your heart weighed more then the feather you could not move on to the after life.

42. Other uses….

44. The Great Pyramids of Egypt

45. Introduction The Great Pyramids of Egypt have stood for thousands of years. They each have their own histories, stories, and appearances. Building a pyramid is hard work and takes many years.

46. Introduction There are three types of pyramids – true pyramid – bent pyramid – stepped pyramid

47. History of the Pyramids

48. History The Great Pyramids were built in Ancient Egypt thousands of years ago

49. History Pyramids were constructed to house the dead pharaohs and queens. Imhotep built the first known pyramid for King Zoser about 2580 B.C. The pyramid that Imhotep built was a Stepped Pyramid. The transition from the Step Pyramid to a True Pyramid took place during the reign of King Snefru, around 2610 B.C.

50. History The Great Pyramid was built in 30 years. 100,000 men worked on the pyramids for three or four months shifts.

51. History Famous pyramids are built about 4,500 years ago. Smaller pyramids continued to be built for more than one thousand years. Several pharaohs died before their pyramids were built. Around 2465 B.C, halfway through the Old Kingdom, pyramids became less important.

52. History There are 10 pyramids at Giza that were built for Kings about 2500 to 2600 B.C. From about 1700 to 2700 B.C., the bodies of Egyptian Kings were buried inside or beneath a pyramid in a secret chamber that was filled with treasures of gold and precious objects.

53. Construction of a Pyramid

54. Construction There are three phases to building a pyramid. They are: » Phase I- Preparing the Site » Phase II- Building the Pyramid » Phase III- The Finishing Touches

55. Construction The first step is to level and clear the ground. This is very important because it determines the stability of the pyramid. Peasants plow the ground to clear it out grass, plants, weeds, top soil, and other removable terrain. They keep digging until they hit solid bedrock.

56. Construction To accurately level the site, peasants cut grooves into the ground and fill them with water. Then, they mark the water’s exact level and drain the water. Finally, they cut the ground down to the mark and fill the grooves with rubble.

57. Construction The final step of Phase I is cutting the tomb, which will ultimately house the dead. The tomb might also contain traps to prevent intruders from stealing things.

58. Construction Phase II requires three different kinds of people. Peasants are needed to move bricks and stone from a storage yard to the construction site. Bricklayers are also needed to lay the bricks and stone. Carpenters contribute their services by building ramps around the pyramid for peasants to transport things.

59. Construction After peasants deliver supplies one load at a time, bricklayers lay the stones. The pyramids are built layer by layer, so the construction may take many years.

60. Construction After the rest of the pyramid is built, a gold capstone is placed on top.

61. Construction The final phase is to smooth the sides of the pyramid. Stonemasons do this by chipping away the limestone until the sides are smooth. This makes the sides of the pyramid reflect the light of the sun. video

62. Appearance

63. Appearance- The True Pyramid The picture to the left is a picture of a true pyramid. A true pyramid has 5 sides: small, large, pyramid complex, and grand pyramid complex. The true pyramid looks like,“a path to the sun.”

64. Appearance- True Pyramid The true pyramid’s sides are polished and smoothed. The inside is made out of plain stone, and the outside is limestone.

65. Appearance- The Stepped Pyramid The stepped pyramid has gigantic steps that go up to the top. The size most used for the pyramid is small. The stepped pyramid is made entirely out of stone.

66. Appearance- The Bent Pyramid The bent pyramid is very smooth and has curved sides. The sides shine as brightly as the sun when light is reflected onto them. The bent pyramid is made of plain stone and limestone.

67. Appearance- The Inside Of A Pyramid The inside of a pyramid looks like the diagram to the right. Inside the pyramid, there are many tall, long passages covered with beautiful tomb paintings.